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{{Short description|Morpheme that cannot be used independently}}
In [[linguistics]], a '''bound morpheme''' is a [[morpheme]] (the elementary unit of morphosyntax) that can appear only as part of a larger expression
==Occurrence in isolation==
A form is a free form if it can occur in isolation as a complete utterance, e.g. ''Johnny is running'', or ''Johnny'', or ''running'' (this can occur as the answer to a question such as ''What is he doing?'').<ref>Bloomfield (1933: §10.1)</ref> A form that cannot occur in isolation is a bound form, e.g. ''-y'', ''is'', and ''-ing'' (in ''Johnny is running''). Non-occurrence in isolation is given as the primary criterion for boundness in most linguistics textbooks.<ref>Haspelmath (2021: §4)</ref>
==Roots and affixes==
[[Affix]]es are bound by definition.<ref>Haspelmath (2021: §4)</ref> [[English language]] affixes are almost exclusively [[prefix]]es or [[suffix]]es: ''pre-'' in "precaution" and ''-ment'' in "shipment". Affixes may be [[inflectional]], indicating how a certain word relates to other words in a larger phrase, or [[derivation (linguistics)|derivational]], changing either the [[part of speech]] or the actual meaning of a word.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cs.indiana.edu/~gasser/L503/morphology.html|title=L503: Morphology|website=cs.indiana.edu|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref>{{dead link|date=February 2025}}
Most [[
[[Cranberry morpheme]]s are a special form of bound morpheme whose independent meaning has been displaced and serves only to distinguish one word from another, like in ''cranberry,'' in which the free morpheme ''berry'' is preceded by the bound morpheme ''cran-,'' meaning "crane" from the earlier name for the berry, "crane berry".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Concise Oxford English Dictionary of Linguistics (3 ed.)|last=Matthews|first=P.H.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780191753060}}</ref>
An
Examples:
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==Word formation==
Words can be formed purely from bound morphemes, as in English ''permit,'' ultimately from [[Latin]] {{Lang|la|[[wikt:per#Latin|per]]}} "through" + {{Lang|la|[[wikt:mitto#Latin|mittō]]}} "I send", where ''per-'' and ''-mit'' are bound morphemes in English. However, they are often thought of as simply a single morpheme. Per is not a bound morpheme; a bound morpheme, by definition, cannot stand alone as a word. Per is a standalone word as seen in the sentence, "I go to the gym twice per day."
A similar example is given in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]; most of its morphemes are monosyllabic and identified with a [[Chinese character]] because of the largely [[morphosyllabic]] script, but disyllabic words exist that cannot be analyzed into independent morphemes, such as 蝴蝶 ''húdié'' 'butterfly'. Then, the individual syllables and corresponding characters are used only in that word, and while they can be interpreted as bound morphemes 蝴 ''hú-'' and 蝶 ''-dié,'' it is more commonly considered a single disyllabic morpheme. See [[polysyllabic Chinese morpheme]]s for further discussion.
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==Analytic and synthetic languages==
A language with a very low
In contrast, a language that uses a substantial number of bound morphemes to express grammatical relationships is a [[synthetic language]].
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