Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|English statesman, soldier, writer, and pioneer of New World colonization (1552–1618)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Walter Raleigh
| image = Sir Walter Ralegh by 'H' monogrammist.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Raleigh, 1588
| office = Government offices
| suboffice = [[Lord Warden of the Stannaries]]
| subterm = 1584–1603
| suboffice1 = [[Vice-Admiral of Devon]]
| subterm1 = 1585–1603
| suboffice2 = [[Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall]]
| subterm2 = 1587–1603
| suboffice3 = [[Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard]]
| subterm3 = 1586–1592<br> 1597–1603
| suboffice4 = [[Custos Rotulorum of Dorset]]
| subterm4 = 1598–1603
| suboffice5 = [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey|Governor of Jersey]]
| subterm5 = 1600–1603
| office6 = Parliamentary offices
| suboffice6 = [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Devon (UK Parliament constituency)|Devonshire]]
| subterm6 = 1584–1585<br> 1586–1587
| suboffice7 = [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|Dorset]]
| subterm7 = 1597–1598
| suboffice8 = [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)|Cornwall]]
| subterm8 = 1601
| birth_date = {{circa| 22 January 1552}} (or 1554)
| birth_place = [[East Budleigh]], [[Devon]], [[Kingdom of England|England]]
| death_date = {{death date|df=yes|1618|10|29}} (aged approximately 66)
| death_place = [[London]], England
| death_cause = [[Execution]] by [[Decapitation|beheading]]
| alma_mater = [[Oriel College, Oxford]]
| spouse = [[Elizabeth Raleigh|Elizabeth Throckmorton]]
| children = Damerei<br />Walter "Wat"{{sfn|Wolfe|2018}}<br />[[Carew Raleigh (1605–1666)|Carew]]
| signature = Sir Walter Raleigh Signature.svg
| battles = [[Desmond Rebellions]]<br> [[French Wars of Religion]]<br> [[Spanish Armada]]
| module2 = {{infobox writer|embed=yes
| notable_works =
{{hlist|''[[The Lie (poem)|The Lie]]''|''What is Our Life''|''[[The Discovery of Guiana]]''|''[[The History of the World (Raleigh)|The Historie of the World]]''|''[[The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd]]''}}
}}
}}
'''Sir Walter Raleigh{{efn |name=pronunciation}}''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɔː|l|i|,_|ˈ|r|æ|l|i|,_|ˈ|r|ɑː|l|i}}; {{circa|1552}} – 29 October 1618) was an English statesman, soldier, writer and explorer. One of the most notable figures of the [[Elizabethan era]], he played a leading part in [[English colonisation of North America]], suppressed rebellion in [[Ireland]], helped defend [[Kingdom of England|England]] against the [[Spanish Armada]] and held political positions under [[Elizabeth I]].
Raleigh was born to a [[landed gentry]] family of [[Protestant]] faith in [[Devon]], the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne. He was the younger half-brother of Sir [[Humphrey Gilbert]] and a cousin of Sir [[Richard Grenville]]. Little is known of his early life, though in his late teens he spent some time in [[Kingdom of France|France]] taking part in the [[French Wars of Religion|religious civil wars]]. In his 20s he took part in the suppression of rebellion in the [[Plantations of Ireland|colonisation]] of [[Ireland]]; he also participated in the [[siege of Smerwick]]. Later, he became a landlord of property in Ireland and mayor of [[Youghal]] in east [[Munster]], where his house still stands in [[Myrtle Grove, Youghal|Myrtle Grove]].<ref>{{cite web | title=The Church and Town of Sir Walter Raleigh | website=United Diocese of Cork, Cloyne and Ross | date=21 May 2021 | url=http://cork.anglican.org/tourism/historical-interest/the-church-and-town-of-sir-walter-raleigh/ | access-date=15 June 2021 | archive-date=19 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019122216/http://cork.anglican.org/tourism/historical-interest/the-church-and-town-of-sir-walter-raleigh/ | url-status=live }}</ref> He rose rapidly in the favour of Queen [[Elizabeth I]] and was knighted in 1585. He was granted a [[royal patent]] to explore [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]], paving the way for future English settlements. In 1591, he secretly married [[Elizabeth Throckmorton]], one of the Queen's [[Lady-in-waiting|ladies-in-waiting]], without the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the [[Tower of London]]. After his release, they retired to his estate at [[Sherborne]], [[Dorset]].
In 1594, Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" in [[South America]] and sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of "[[El Dorado]]". After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh was again imprisoned in the Tower, this time for being involved in the [[Main Plot]] against [[James VI and I|King James I]], who was not favourably disposed towards him. In 1616, he was released to lead a second expedition in search of El Dorado. During the expedition, men led by his top commander ransacked a Spanish outpost, in violation of both the terms of his pardon and the [[Treaty of London (1604)|1604 peace treaty with Spain]]. Raleigh returned to England and, to appease the Spanish, he was arrested and executed in 1618.
==Early life==
[[File:Millais Boyhood of Raleigh.jpg|left|thumb|''[[The Boyhood of Raleigh]]'' by [[John Everett Millais]], 1871]]
Little is known about Sir Walter Raleigh's birth{{sfn|Black et al.|2011|p=724}} but he is believed to have been born on 22 January 1552 (or possibly 1554{{sfn|Nicholls|Williams|2004}}). He grew up in the house of Hayes [[Bartopeepeen (demesne)|Barton]]{{sfn|Batten|2020}} (in the parish of [[East Budleigh]]), in East [[Devon]]. He was the youngest of the five sons of Walter Raleigh (1510–1581) (or Rawleigh) of [[Fardel Manor]] (in the parish of [[Cornwood]]),{{sfn|Cherry|Pevsner|2004|p=288}} in South Devon. Raleigh's family PAPI is generally assumed to have been a junior branch of the Raleigh family, 11th-century lords of the [[manor of Raleigh, Pilton]]{{sfn|Vivian|1895|p=638}} in North Devon, although the two branches are known to have borne entirely dissimilar coats of arms,{{efn|Raleigh of Pilton: ''Gules crusilly or, a bend vair''; arms of Raleigh of Fardell: ''Gules, five fusils conjoined in bend argent''{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} }} adopted at the start of the age of [[heraldry]] ({{circa|1200}}–1215).
[[File:GilbertImpalingChampernowne YardeHeraldicWindow ChurstonFerrersChurch.xcf|thumb|Arms of Katherine Champernowne, mother of Sir Walter Raleigh, impaled by the arms of her first husband, Otes Gilbert. [[Churston Ferrers]] Church]]
His mother was Katherine Champernowne, the third wife of Walter Raleigh senior. She was the fourth daughter of Sir Philip Champernowne (1479–1545), [[lord of the manor]] of [[Modbury]], Devon, by his wife Catherine Carew, a daughter of Sir Edmund Carew (d. 1513) of [[Mohuns Ottery]] (in the parish of [[Luppitt]]), Devon,{{sfn|Vivian|1895|pp=639, 405, 162}}. Katherine was the widow of Otes Gilbert (1513–1546/7) of [[Greenway Estate|Greenway]] (in the parish of [[Brixham]]) and of [[Compton Castle]] (in the parish of [[Marldon]]), both in Devon. (The coat of arms of Otes Gilbert and Katherine Champernowne survives in a stained glass window in [[Churston Ferrers]] Church, near Greenway.)
Katherine Champernowne's paternal aunt was [[Katherine Champernowne|Kat Ashley]], governess of Queen Elizabeth I, who introduced Raleigh and his brothers to the court.{{sfn|Ronald|2007|p=249}} Raleigh's maternal uncle was Sir [[Arthur Champernowne]] ({{circa|1524}}–1578), a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]], [[Sheriff of Devon]] and [[Vice-Admiral of the West|Admiral of the West]].
Walter Raleigh junior's immediate family included his full brother [[Carew Raleigh]], and half-brothers John Gilbert, [[Humphrey Gilbert]] and Adrian Gilbert. As a consequence of their kinship with the Champernowne family, all of the Raleigh and Gilbert brothers became prominent during the reigns of [[Elizabeth I]] and [[James VI and I|James I]].
Raleigh's family was highly [[Protestant]] in religious orientation and had a number of near escapes during the reign of [[Roman Catholic]] Queen [[Mary I of England]]. In the most notable of these, his father had to hide in a tower to avoid execution. As a result, Raleigh developed a [[Anti-Catholicism|hatred of Roman Catholicism]] during his childhood, and proved himself quick to express it after Protestant Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558. In matters of religion, Elizabeth was more moderate than her half-sister Mary.{{sfn|Bremer|Webster|2006|p=454}}
In 1569, Raleigh went to France to serve with the [[Huguenot]]s in the French religious civil wars.{{sfn|Black et al.|2011|p=724}} In 1572, Raleigh was registered as an undergraduate at [[Oriel College, Oxford]], but he left in 1574 without a degree.<ref name=":3" /> Raleigh proceeded to finish his education in the [[Inns of Court]].{{sfn|Black et al.|2011|p=724}} In 1575, he was admitted to the [[Middle Temple]], having previously been a member of [[Lyon's Inn]], one of the [[Inns of Chancery]].<ref name="Midddle Temple"/> {{cns|date=January 2024|text=At his trial in 1603, he stated that he had never studied law.}} Much of his life is uncertain between 1569 and 1575, but in his ''History of the World'', he claimed to have been an eyewitness at the [[Battle of Moncontour]] (3 October 1569) in France. In 1575 or 1576, Raleigh returned to England.{{sfn|Edwards|1868|pp=26–33}}
In 1577 and again in 1579 Raleigh made voyages with his half-brother [[Humphrey Gilbert|Sir Humphrey Gilbert]] in attempts to find a [[Northwest Passage]].<ref name=":3" /> They failed to find a passage, but succeeded in raiding Spanish ships.<ref name=":3" />
==Ireland==
[[File:Raleigh's first pipe in England.jpeg|thumb|"Raleigh's First Pipe in England", an illustration included in [[Frederick William Fairholt]]'s ''Tobacco, its history and associations''{{sfn|Fairholt|1859|p=}}]]
''See [[Plantations of Ireland]]''
From 1579 to late 1580, Raleigh took part in the suppression of the [[Desmond Rebellions]]. He was present at the [[siege of Smerwick]], where he led the party that beheaded some 600 Spanish and Italian soldiers.{{sfn|St. John|1869|pp=52–77}}{{sfn|Nicholls|Williams|2011|p=15}} In September 1584, [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]] had the land surveyed to be divided amongst her "Undertakers"(People she appointed to undertake supervision of colonization of the region) to colonize.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Munster Plantation, 1584–98 |url=https://core.ecu.edu/umc/munster/settlement_munster.html |website=ecu.edu |quote="extensive crown-sponsored surveying of his lands began in September, 1584" |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607053833/https://core.ecu.edu/umc/Munster/settlement_munster.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=1584 – the Plantation of Munster |url=https://www.coleslane.com/1584---plantation-of-munster}}</ref>
In 1585, Raleigh received {{cvt|40000|acre}} (approximately 0.2% of Ireland) in the [[Munster Plantation]], including the coastal walled town of [[Youghal]] and, further up the [[Munster Blackwater|Blackwater River]], the village of [[Lismore, County Waterford|Lismore]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
Raleigh made the town of [[Youghal]] in Ireland his occasional home during his 17 years as an Irish landlord, frequently being domiciled at [[Killua Castle]], [[Clonmellon]], [[County Westmeath]]. He was mayor there from 1588 to 1589.<ref name=":1" /> Raleigh encouraged veterans of the earlier attempts of the [[Roanoke Colony]] settle in Ireland, including [[Thomas Harriot|Thomas Hariot]] and [[John White (colonist and artist)|John White]] from the 1585 trip. (He was the governor of the 1587 trip, but returned with the delivery ship to acquire additional supplies.) Raleigh is credited with introducing potatoes to England and Ireland.<ref name=":3" /> Potatoes would in time have an outsized role in Irish farming and culture. A potato crop failure in the 1800s would lead to the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]].
Amongst Raleigh's acquaintances in Munster was another Englishman who had been granted land in the Irish colonies, poet [[Edmund Spenser]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Raleigh's management of his Irish estates ran into difficulties which contributed to a decline in his fortunes. In 1602, he sold the lands to [[Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork]], who subsequently prospered under kings [[James VI and I|James I]] and [[Charles I of England|Charles I]].{{sfn|Laughton|Lee|1896}}
==New World==
[[File:Sir Walter Raleigh by Simon van de Passe (1617).jpg|thumb|Engraved portrait of Raleigh]]
On March 25, 1584, Queen Elizabeth granted Raleigh [[Royal charter|a royal charter]] authorizing him to explore, colonise and rule any "remote, heathen and barbarous lands, countries and territories, not actually possessed of any Christian Prince or inhabited by Christian People", in return for one-fifth of all the gold and silver that might be mined there.<ref name=yale.edu/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |location=Manteo, North Carolina |title=Amadas and Barlowe – Fort Raleigh National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/fora/learn/education/amadas-and-barlowe.htm |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607122426/https://www.nps.gov/fora/learn/education/amadas-and-barlowe.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This charter specified that Raleigh had seven years in which to establish a settlement, or else lose his right to do so. Raleigh and Elizabeth intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World and a base from which to send [[privateer]]s on raids against the treasure fleets of [[Spain]]. The charter was originally given to [[Humphrey Gilbert|Sir Humphrey Gilbert]] who pitched the idea to [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]] and died at sea while attempting to accomplish it.
On April 27, 1584, the [[Philip Amadas]] and [[Arthur Barlowe]] expedition set sail from England on an exploratory mission to determine what resources were available in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Phillip |title=Amadas and Barlowe Expedition |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/amadas-and-barlowe-expedition |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193309/https://www.ncpedia.org/amadas-and-barlowe-expedition |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Roanoke colony timeline |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Roanoke_Colony/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193706/https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Roanoke_Colony/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They returned with two of the local inhabitants, Manteo and Wanchese, in August 1584, and reported of their findings.<ref name=":4" /> The region (the majority of the east coast) received the name "Virginia" for the Virgin [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]], which is the origin of the name of the modern day [[Virginia|state]].<ref name=":3" />
In 1585, he sent a militarized group to North America to set up a fort to raid Spanish ships and become the first English colony in North America. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Walter Raleigh (c. 1552–1618) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/raleigh_walter.shtml |website=BBC |quote="In 1585, he sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island (now North Carolina)." |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/raleigh_walter.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The voyage was led by [[Richard Grenville|Sir Richard Grenville]] and the colony on [[Roanoke Island]] was governed by [[Ralph Lane]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roanoke Island |url=https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/roanoke-island/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193256/https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/roanoke-island/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The colony ran out of food after clashes with the local inhabitants and eventually left with [[Francis Drake|Sir Francis Drake]] in June 1586 after resupply attempts failed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Sir Walter Raleigh {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-1500-1799-biographies/sir-walter-raleigh |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.encyclopedia.com |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606195502/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-1500-1799-biographies/sir-walter-raleigh |url-status=live }}</ref> Sir Richard Grenvile arrived shortly after the Lane colony left with Drake. He left supplies and 15 men on Roanoke Island and returned to England.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Milton |first=Giles |url=https://archive.org/details/bigchiefelizabet00milt_0/page/n7/mode/2up |title=Big Chief Elizabeth |publisher=Sceptre |year=2000|isbn=9780340748824 }}</ref> They were never seen again.
On July 22, 1587, Raleigh attempted a second expedition, again establishing a settlement on Roanoke Island.<ref name=":2" /> This time, [[List of colonists at Roanoke|a more diverse group of settlers]] was sent, including some entire families,<ref name=si.edu/> under the governance of [[John White (colonist and artist)|John White]].{{sfn|Hakluyt|1965|p=522}} After a short while in America, White returned to England to obtain more supplies for the colony, planning to return in a year. Unfortunately for the colonists at Roanoke, one year became three. The first delay came when Queen Elizabeth I ordered all vessels to remain at port for potential use against the [[Spanish Armada]]. After England's 1588 victory over the Spanish Armada, the ships were given permission to sail.{{sfn|Quinn|1985|pp=125–126}}
The second delay came after White's small fleet set sail for Roanoke and his crew insisted on sailing first towards [[Cuba]] in hopes of capturing treasure-laden Spanish merchant ships. Enormous riches described by their pilot, an experienced [[Portugal|Portuguese]] navigator hired by Raleigh, outweighed White's objections to the delay.{{sfn|Quinn|1985|pp=125–126}}
When the supply ship arrived in Roanoke, three years later than planned, the colonists had disappeared.{{sfn|Quinn|1985|pp=130–133}} The only clue to their fate was the word "CROATOAN" and the letters "CRO" carved into tree trunks. White had arranged with the settlers that if they should move, the name of their destination be carved into a tree or corner post. This suggested the possibility that they had moved to [[Croatoan Island]], but a hurricane prevented John White from investigating the island for survivors.{{sfn|Quinn|1985|pp=130–133}} Other speculation includes their having starved, or been swept away or lost at sea during the stormy weather of 1588. No further attempts at contact were recorded for some years. Whatever the fate of the settlers, the settlement is now remembered as the "[[Roanoke Colony]]" later known as the "Lost Colony".{{sfn|Quinn|1985|p=}}
Raleigh himself never visited North America, although he led expeditions in 1595 and 1617 to the [[Orinoco]] river basin in [[South America]] in search of the golden city of [[El Dorado]]. These expeditions were funded primarily by Raleigh and his friends but never provided the steady stream of revenue necessary to maintain a colony in America.
==1580s==
[[File:Walter Raleighs house in Blackwall Harbour by Philip Norman.jpg|thumb|Walter Raleigh's house in Blackwall Harbour by [[Philip Norman (artist)|Philip Norman]] (before 1931)]]
In 1580 Raleigh went to fight in Ireland against the [[Desmond Rebellions|2nd Desmond Rebellion]].<ref name=":3" /> In December 1581, he returned to England.<ref name=":3" /> He took part in court life and became a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I because of his efforts at increasing the Protestant Church in Ireland.<ref name="Walter Raleigh Biography"/> In 1585, Raleigh was knighted and was appointed [[Lord Warden of the Stannaries|warden of the stannaries]], that is of the [[Mining in Cornwall and Devon|tin mines]] of Cornwall and Devon, [[Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall]] and [[List of vice-admirals of the coast|vice-admiral]] of the two counties. He was a member of parliament for [[Devon (UK Parliament constituency)|Devonshire]] in 1585 and 1586.{{sfn|Laughton|Lee|1896}} He was also granted the right to colonise America.<ref name="Walter Raleigh Biography"/>
Raleigh commissioned shipbuilder R. Chapman of [[Deptford]] to build a ship for him. She was originally called ''Ark'' but became ''[[English ship Ark Royal (1587)|Ark Raleigh]]'', following the convention at the time by which the ship bore the name of her owner. [[The Crown]] (in the person of Queen Elizabeth I) purchased the ship from Raleigh in January 1587 for £5,000 (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|0.005|1587|2015|r=1}}}} million in 2015).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} This took the form of a reduction in the sum that Sir Walter owed the queen; he received [[Tally stick|Exchequer tallies]] but no money. As a result, the ship was renamed ''[[HMS Ark Royal|Ark Royal]]''.{{sfn|Collier|1852|p=151}}
In 1586 one of Raleigh's expeditions caught Spanish explorer [[Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa]]. Raleigh held Gamboa prisoner in his house and had long conversations with him. Gamboa passed messages to the Spanish ambassador who forwarded them to [[Philip II of Spain|King Philip II]]. Raleigh wanted to defect to Spain and sell his ship the ''Ark.'' Philip refused to buy the ship, but encouraged the passing of information from Raleigh.
In 1588, Raleigh had some involvement with defence against the [[Spanish Armada]] at Devon. The ship that he had built, offered to sell to Spain, and later sold to the crown, the ''Ark Royal'', was Lord High Admiral [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|Howard]]'s flagship.{{sfn|May|1989|p=8}}
==1590–1594==
{{multiple image
| footer =
| align = right
| image1 = William Segar Sir Walter Raleigh.png
| width1 = 180
| caption1 = Sir Walter Raleigh by [[William Segar]]
| image2 = Sir William Segar Portrait of Elizabeth ‘Bess’ Throckmorton, Lady Raleigh.jpg
| width2 = 180
| caption2 = Elizabeth "Bess" Throckmorton Raleigh by [[William Segar]] 1595
}}
In 1592, Raleigh was given many rewards by the Queen, including [[Durham House, London|Durham House]] in [[Strand, London|the Strand]] and the estate of Sherborne, Dorset. He was appointed [[Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard]]. However, he had not been given any of the [[Great Offices of State|great offices of state]].{{sfn|May|1989|p=8}}
In 1591, Raleigh secretly married [[Elizabeth Raleigh|Elizabeth "Bess" Throckmorton]] (or Throgmorton). She was one of the Queen's [[lady-in-waiting|ladies-in-waiting]], 11 years his junior, and was pregnant at the time. She gave birth to a son, believed to be named Damerei, who was given to a [[wet nurse]] at Durham House, and died of plague in October 1592. Bess resumed her duties to the queen. The following year, the unauthorised marriage was discovered and the Queen ordered Raleigh to be imprisoned and Bess dismissed from court. Both were imprisoned in the Tower of London in June 1592. He was released from prison in August 1592 to manage a recently returned expedition and attack on the Spanish coast. The fleet was recalled by the Queen, but not before it [[Battle of Flores (1592)|captured an incredibly rich prize]]—a merchant ship (carrack) named ''[[Madre de Deus]]'' (Mother of God) off [[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores]]. Raleigh was sent to organise and divide the spoils of the ship. He was sent back to the Tower, but by early 1593 had been released and become a member of Parliament.{{sfn|May|1989|p=13}}
It was several years before Raleigh returned to favour,{{clarify|date=October 2020}} and he travelled extensively in this time. Raleigh and his wife remained devoted to each other. They had two more sons, Walter (known as Wat) in 1593 and [[Carew Raleigh (1605–1666)|Carew]] in 1605.{{sfn|May|1989|p=21}}
Raleigh was elected a burgess of [[Mitchell (UK Parliament constituency)|Mitchell]], Cornwall, in the parliament of 1593.{{sfn|Nicholls|Williams|2004}} He retired to his estate at Sherborne, where he built a new house, completed in 1594, known then as Sherborne Lodge. Since extended, it is now known as [[Sherborne Castle#New castle|Sherborne New Castle]]. He made friends with the local [[gentry]], such as Sir Ralph Horsey of [[Clifton Maybank]] and Charles Thynne of [[Longleat]]. During this period at a dinner party at Horsey's, Raleigh had a heated discussion about religion with Reverend Ralph Ironsides. The argument later gave rise to charges of [[atheism]] against Raleigh, though the charges were dismissed. He was elected to Parliament, speaking on religious and naval matters.{{sfn|May|1989|p=14}}
==First voyage to Guiana==
{{further|Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition}}
In 1594, he came into possession of a Spanish account of a great golden city at the headwaters of the [[Caroní River]]. A year later, he explored what is now [[Guyana]] and [[Guayana Region, Venezuela|eastern Venezuela]] in search of [[Lake Parime]] and Manoa, the legendary city. Once back in England, he published ''[[The Discovery of Guiana]]''{{sfn|Raleigh|1848}} (1596), an account of his voyage which made exaggerated claims as to what had been discovered. The book can be seen as a contribution to the [[El Dorado]] legend. [[Venezuela]] has [[gold]] deposits, but no evidence indicates that Raleigh found any mines. He is sometimes said to have discovered [[Angel Falls]], but these claims are considered far-fetched.<ref name=thelostworld.org/>
==1596–1603==
[[File:WalterRaleighandson.jpg|thumb|Raleigh and his son Walter in 1602]]
In 1596, Raleigh took part in the [[capture of Cádiz]], where he was wounded. He also served as the rear admiral (a principal command) of the [[Islands Voyage]] to the [[Azores]] in 1597.{{sfn|May|1989|p=16}} On his return from the Azores, Raleigh helped England defend itself against the major threat of the [[3rd Spanish Armada]] during the autumn of 1597. The Armada was dispersed in the Channel and later was devastated by a storm off Ireland. [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|Lord Howard of Effingham]] and Raleigh were able to organise a fleet that resulted in the capture of a Spanish ship in retreat carrying vital information regarding the Spanish plans.
In 1597 Raleigh was chosen as member of parliament for [[Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|Dorset]] and in 1601 for [[Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)|Cornwall]].{{sfn|Laughton|Lee|1896}} He was unique in the Elizabethan period in sitting for three counties.{{sfn|Nicholls|Williams|2004}}
From 1600 to 1603, as governor of the [[Channel Island]] of [[Jersey]], Raleigh modernised its defences. This included the construction of a new fort protecting the approaches to [[Saint Helier]], Fort Isabella Bellissima, or [[Elizabeth Castle]].{{Citation needed|date = October 2012}}
==Trial and imprisonment==
[[File:Bloodytower interior.jpg|left|thumb|Raleigh's cell, Bloody Tower, Tower of London]]
Royal favour with Queen Elizabeth had been restored by this time, but his good fortune did not last; the Queen died on 24 March 1603. Raleigh was arrested on 19 July 1603 at what is now the Old Exeter Inn in Ashburton, charged with [[treason]] for his involvement in the [[Main Plot]] against Elizabeth's successor, [[James VI and I|James I]], and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]].{{sfn|May|1989|p=19}}
Raleigh's trial began on 17 November in the converted [[Great hall|Great Hall]] of [[Winchester Castle]]. Raleigh conducted his own defence. The chief evidence against him was the signed and sworn confession of his friend [[Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham]]. Raleigh repeatedly requested that Cobham be called to testify. "[Let] my acuser come face to face, and be deposed. Were the case but for a small [[copyhold]], you would have witnesses or good proof to lead the jury to a verdict; and I am here for my life!" Raleigh argued that the evidence against him was "[[hearsay]]", but the tribunal refused to allow Cobham to testify and be [[cross-examination|cross-examined]].<ref name=crimtrial/><ref name=uark.edu/> Raleigh's trial has been regularly cited as influential in establishing a [[common law]] right to confront accusers in court.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Penny J. |title=Rescuing the Confrontation Clause |journal=South Carolina Law Review |date=Spring 2003 |volume=54 |issue=3 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/347466289.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023844/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/347466289.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=Hadley |title=Virtually Face-to-Face: The Confrontation Clause and the Use of Two-Way Video Testimony |journal=Roger Williams University Law Review |date=Spring 2008 |volume=13 |issue=2 |url=https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1393&context=rwu_LR |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1393&context=rwu_LR |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jonakait |first1=Randolph N. |title=The Origins of the Confrontation Clause: An Alternative History |journal=[[Rutgers Law Journal]] |date=Autumn 1995 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=77–168 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230508635.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230508635.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shaviro |first1=Daniel N. |title=The Confrontation Clause Today in Light of its Common Law Background |journal=Valparaiso University Law Review |date=1991 |volume=26 |pages=337–366 |url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2140&context=vulr |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2140&context=vulr |url-status=live }}</ref> Raleigh was convicted, but King James spared his life.{{sfn|Rowse|1962|p=241}}
While imprisoned in the Tower, Raleigh wrote his incomplete ''[[The History of the World (Raleigh)|The History of the World]]''.{{sfn|Raleigh|1677|p=}} Using a wide array of sources in six languages, Raleigh was fully abreast of the latest continental scholarship. He wrote not about England, but of the ancient world with a heavy emphasis on geography. Despite his intention of providing current advice to the King of England, King James I complained that it was "too sawcie in censuring Princes".{{sfn|Popper|2012|p=18}}{{sfn|Racin|1974|p=}} Raleigh remained imprisoned in the Tower until 1616.{{sfn|Wallace|1959|p=256}} His son, Carew, was conceived and born (in 1604 or 1605) while Raleigh was imprisoned in the Tower.{{sfn|Wallace|1959|p=228}}
==Second voyage to Guiana==
[[File:Royal Pardon of Walter Raleigh.jpg|thumb|James I's royal warrant pardoning Raleigh in 1617]]
In 1617, Raleigh was pardoned by the King and granted permission to conduct a second expedition to Venezuela in search of El Dorado. During the expedition, a detachment of Raleigh's men under the command of his long-time friend [[Lawrence Kemys]] attacked the Spanish outpost of [[Santo Tomé de Guayana]] on the [[Orinoco]] river, in violation of peace treaties with Spain and against Raleigh's orders. A condition of Raleigh's pardon was avoidance of any hostility against Spanish colonies or shipping. In the initial attack on the settlement, Raleigh's son, Walter, was fatally shot. Kemys informed Raleigh of his son's death and begged for forgiveness, but did not receive it, and at once committed suicide. On Raleigh's return to England, an outraged [[Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar|Count Gondomar]], the Spanish ambassador, demanded that Raleigh's death sentence be reinstated by King James, who had little choice but to do so. Raleigh was brought to London from [[Plymouth]] by Sir [[Lewis Stukley]], where he passed up numerous opportunities to make an effective escape.{{sfn|Wolffe|2004}}{{sfn|Laughton|1898}}
==Execution and aftermath==
[[File:Execution of Sir Walter Raleigh.jpg|thumb|left|Raleigh just before he was beheaded – an illustration from ''circa'' 1860]]
Raleigh was beheaded in the [[Old Palace Yard]] at the [[Palace of Westminster]] on 29 October 1618. "Let us dispatch", he said to his executioner. "At this hour my [[Fever|ague]] comes upon me. I would not have my enemies think I quaked from fear." After he was allowed to see the axe that would be used to behead him, he mused: "This is a sharp Medicine, but it is a Physician for all diseases and miseries." According to biographers, Raleigh's last words, spoken to the hesitating executioner, were: "What dost thou fear? Strike, man, strike!"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Malcolm |title=They Went That-a-way |date=1988 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-671-65709-7 |page=250}}</ref>{{sfn|Trevelyan|2002|p=552}}
[[Thomas Hariot]] may have introduced him to [[tobacco]].{{Sfn|Ley|1965|p=88}} Having been one of the people to popularise tobacco smoking in England, he left a small [[tobacco pouch]], found in his cell shortly after his execution. Engraved upon the pouch was a [[Latin]] inscription: ''Comes meus fuit in illo miserrimo tempore'' ("It was my companion at that most miserable time").{{sfn|Borio|2007}}<ref name=wallacecollection.org/>
Raleigh's head was embalmed and presented to his wife. His body was to be buried in the local church in [[Beddington]], [[Surrey]], the home of Lady Raleigh, but was finally laid to rest in [[St. Margaret's, Westminster]], where his tomb is presently located.{{sfn|Williams|1988|p=}} "The Lords", she wrote, "have given me his dead body, though they have denied me his life. God hold me in my wits."{{sfn|Durant|Durant|1961|p=158|loc=Chap. VI}} It has been said that Lady Raleigh kept her husband's head in a velvet bag until her death.{{sfn|Brushfield|1896|p=}} After Raleigh's wife's death 29 years later, his head was removed to his tomb and interred at St. Margaret's Church.{{sfn|Lloyd|Mitchinson|2006|p=}} Although Raleigh's popularity had waned considerably since his Elizabethan heyday, his execution was seen by many, both at the time and since, as unnecessary and unjust, as for many years his involvement in the Main Plot seemed to have been limited to a meeting with [[Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham|Lord Cobham]].{{sfn|Christenson|1991|pp=385–387}} One of the judges at his trial later said: "The justice of England has never been so degraded and injured as by the condemnation of the honourable Sir Walter Raleigh."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://federalevidence.com/pdf/2007/13-SCt/Crawford_v._Washington.pdf|title=Crawford v. Washington|page=44|access-date=25 April 2017|archive-date=10 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710234318/http://federalevidence.com/pdf/2007/13-SCt/Crawford_v._Washington.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{-}}
==Works==
*{{cite book|last=Raleigh|first=Sir Walter |title=The Historie of the World. In five bookes (first ed. 1614) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U5BmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA16|year=1677|publisher=R. White, T. Basset|display-authors=0}}
*{{cite book|first=Sir Walter |last=Raleigh|title=The Discovery of Guiana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4MMAAAAIAAJ|year=1848|publisher=Hakluyt Society|display-authors=0}}
==Poetry==
[[File:Raleigh OfFardell Arms.svg|thumb|180px|Arms of Sir Walter Raleigh: ''Gules, five fusils conjoined in bend argent''<ref>[[William Pole (antiquary)|Pole, Sir William]] (d.1635), Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, [[Sir John de la Pole, 6th Baronet|Sir John-William de la Pole]] (ed.), London, 1791, p. 499</ref>]]
Raleigh's poetry is written in the relatively straightforward, unornamented mode known as the plain style. [[C. S. Lewis]] considered Raleigh one of the era's "silver poets", a group of writers who resisted the [[Italian Renaissance]] influence of dense classical reference and elaborate poetic devices. His writing contains strong personal treatments of themes such as love, loss, beauty, and time. Most of his poems are short lyrics that were inspired by actual events.{{sfn|Black et al.|2011|p=724}}
In poems such as "What is Our Life" and "[[The Lie (poem)|The Lie]]", Raleigh expresses a ''[[contemptus mundi]]'' (contempt of the world) attitude more characteristic of the [[Middle Ages]] than of the dawning era of humanistic optimism. But his lesser-known long poem "The Ocean's Love to Cynthia" combines this vein with the more elaborate conceits associated with his contemporaries [[Edmund Spenser]] and [[John Donne]], expressing a melancholy sense of history. The poem was written during his imprisonment in the Tower of London.{{sfn|Black et al.|2011|p=724}}
Raleigh wrote a poetic response to [[Christopher Marlowe]]'s "[[The Passionate Shepherd to His Love]]" of 1592, entitled "[[The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd]]". Both were written in the style of traditional [[pastoral poetry]] and follow the structure of six four-line stanzas employing a [[rhyme scheme]] of [[Clerihew|AABB]], with Raleigh's an almost line-for-line refutation of Marlowe's sentiments.<ref name="latech">{{cite web |url=http://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/201/marlowe/shepherd_%26_notes.htm |title=Notes for ''The Passionate Shepherd to His Love'' |publisher=Dr. Bruce Magee, [[Louisiana Tech University]] |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623164203/http://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/201/marlowe/shepherd_%26_notes.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Years later, the 20th-century poet [[William Carlos Williams]] would join the poetic "argument" with his "[[Raleigh Was Right]]".
===List of poems===
All finished, and some unfinished, poems written by Raleigh or plausibly attributed to him:{{efn|''As ye came from the holy land'' is often attributed to Raleigh, but, in the words of {{harvnb|Bullett|1947|p=280}}, "it certainly existed before Ralegh arrived on the scene; Ralegh's connexion with it is largely a matter of conjecture"}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* "The Advice"
* "Another of the Same"
* "Conceit begotten by the Eyes"
* "Epitaph on Sir Philip Sidney"
* "Epitaph on the Earl of Leicester"
* "Even such is Time"
* "The Excuse"
* "False Love"
* "Farewell to the Court"
* "His Petition to Queen Anne of Denmark"
* "If Cynthia be a Queen"
* "In Commendation of George Gascoigne's Steel Glass"
* "[[The Lie (poem)|The Lie]]"
* "Like Hermit Poor"
* "Lines from Catullus"
* "Love and Time"
* "My Body in the Walls captive"
* "[[The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd]]"
* "Of Spenser's Faery Queen"
* "On the Snuff of a Candle"
* "The Ocean's Love to Cynthia"
* "A Poem entreating of Sorrow"
* "A Poem put into my Lady Laiton's Pocket"
* "The Pilgrimage"
* "A Prognistication upon Cards and Dice"
* "The Shepherd's Praise of Diana"
* "Sweet Unsure"
* "To His Mistress"
* "To the Translator of Lucan's Pharsalia"
* "What is Our Life?"
* "The Wood, the Weed, the Wag"
{{div col end}}
===Writing Shakespeare===
{{see_also|List of Shakespeare authorship candidates|Shakespeare authorship question}}
In 1845, Shakespeare scholar [[Delia Bacon]] first proposed that a group of authors had actually written the plays later attributed to [[William Shakespeare]], the main writer being Walter Raleigh.{{sfn|Farrand|2013}}{{sfn|Hechinger|2011}} Later, George S. Caldwell asserted that Raleigh was actually the sole author.{{sfn|Wallechinsky|Wallace|1981}} These claims have been supported by other scholars throughout subsequent years, including [[Albert J. Beveridge]] and [[Henry Pemberton]], but are rejected by the majority of Shakespearean scholars today.{{efn|{{Harvnb|Kathman|2003|p=621}}: "...antiStratfordism has remained a fringe belief system"; {{Harvnb|Schoenbaum|1991|p=450}}; {{Harvnb|Paster|1999|p=38}}: "To ask me about the authorship question ... is like asking a palaeontologist to debate a creationist's account of the fossil record."; {{Harvnb|Nelson|2004|pp=149–151}}: "I do not know of a single professor of the 1,300-member Shakespeare Association of America who questions the identity of Shakespeare ... antagonism to the authorship debate from within the profession is so great that it would be as difficult for a professed Oxfordian to be hired in the first place, much less gain tenure..."; {{Harvnb|Carroll|2004|pp=278–279}}: "I have never met anyone in an academic position like mine, in the Establishment, who entertained the slightest doubt as to Shakespeare's authorship of the general body of plays attributed to him."; {{Harvnb|Pendleton|1994|p=21}}: "Shakespeareans sometimes take the position that to even engage the Oxfordian hypothesis is to give it a countenance it does not warrant."; {{Harvnb|Sutherland|Watts|2000|p=7}}: "There is, it should be noted, no academic Shakespearian of any standing who goes along with the Oxfordian theory."; {{Harvnb|Gibson|2005|p=30}}: "...most of the great Shakespearean scholars are to be found in the Stratfordian camp..."}}
==Legacy==
{{See also|Walter Raleigh in popular culture}}
[[File:Walter Raleigh Statue.JPG|thumb|upright|Statue of Sir Walter Raleigh at [[Raleigh Convention Center]]]]
[[File:Roanoke_half_dollar_obverse.png|thumb|200 px|The commemorative [[Roanoke Island, North Carolina, half dollar|Roanoke Island half dollar]], issued by the US in 1937, bears Walter Raleigh's portrait]]
In 2002, Raleigh was featured in the BBC poll of the [[100 Greatest Britons]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204214727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/|archive-date=4 December 2002|title=BBC – Great Britons – Top 100|work=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>
A [[galliard]] was composed in honour of Raleigh by either [[Francis Cutting]] or [[Richard Allison (composer)|Richard Allison]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mathew Holmes lute books: Sir Walter Raleigh's galliard|url=http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-DD-00002-00011/154|publisher=Cambridge Digital Library|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213015413/http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-DD-00002-00011/154|url-status=live}}</ref>
The state capital of [[North Carolina]], its second-largest city, was named [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]] in 1792, after Sir Walter, sponsor of the [[Roanoke Colony]]. In the city, a bronze statue, which has been moved around different locations within the city, was cast in honour of the city's namesake. The "Lost Colony" is commemorated at the [[Fort Raleigh National Historic Site]] on [[Roanoke Island]], North Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelostcolony.org/|title=The Lost Colony – #1 OBX Attraction|website=The Lost Colony|access-date=26 April 2019|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426125758/https://www.thelostcolony.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Raleigh County, West Virginia]], is named after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/counties/raleigh.html|title=Raleigh County history sources|publisher=West Virginia Division of Culture and History|access-date=30 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205903/http://www.wvculture.org/history/counties/raleigh.html|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>
[[Mount Raleigh]] in the [[Pacific Ranges]] of the [[Coast Mountains]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada, was named for him,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140519202950/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/23259.html "Mount Raleigh"]. BCNames/GeoBC</ref> with related features the Raleigh Glacier<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140519202950/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/23256.html "Raleigh Glacier"]. BC Names/GeoBC</ref> and Raleigh Creek<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140519192618/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/23257.html "Raleigh Creek"]. BC Names/GeoBC</ref> named in association with the mountain. [[Mount Gilbert (British Columbia)|Mount Gilbert]], just to Mount Raleigh's south, was named for his half-brother, Sir Humphrey.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140519192618/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/6119.html "Mount Gilbert"]. BC Names/GeoBC</ref>
Raleigh has been widely speculated to be responsible for introducing the [[potato]] to Europe, and was a key figure in bringing it to Ireland. However, modern historians dispute this claim, suggesting it would have been impossible for Raleigh to have discovered the potato in the places he visited.{{sfn|Salaman|Burton|1985|p=148}}
Due to Raleigh's role in the popularisation of [[smoking]], [[John Lennon]] humorously referred to him as "such a stupid [[Git (slang)|git]]"<!--"git" is correct, as Liverpudlian - see Talk#Raleigh in pop culture--> in the song "[[I'm So Tired]]" on the "White Album" ''[[The Beatles (album)|The Beatles]]'' (1968).<ref>[http://www.thebeatles.com/song/im-so-tired ''The Beatles'' (''The White Album'') "I'm So Tired" website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033759/https://www.thebeatles.com/song/im-so-tired |date=24 September 2018 }}. Retrieved 11 December 2014</ref>
Various colourful stories are told about him, such as laying his cloak over a puddle for the Queen, but they are probably apocryphal.<ref name="Fragmenta">[[Robert Naunton|Naunton, Robert]] ''Fragmenta Regalia'' 1694, reprinted 1824.
</ref>{{sfn|Fuller|1684|p=749}}<ref>[http://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/10-historical-misconceptions9.htm 10 Historical Misconceptions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112300/http://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/10-historical-misconceptions9.htm |date=28 January 2015 }}, [[HowStuffWorks]]</ref> The story of Raleigh's trial is included in [[John George Phillimore]]'s 1850 book ''The History and Principles of Evidence'', and his commentary on the story is included in many law school textbooks on evidence in [[common law]] countries.
In January 2014, the Raleigh Rum Company was founded in Raleigh, North Carolina.
The author [[George Garrett (poet)|George Garrett]]'s historical fiction novel ''[[Death of the Fox]]'' explores Raleigh's relationships with Elizabeth I and her successor James I.
==Raleigh's descendants==
[[File:Statue of Walter Raleigh, Greenwich (II).jpg|thumb|right|A statue of Raleigh in [[Greenwich]], southeast London]]
Many people claim descent from Sir Walter Raleigh, but nearly all have no basis in fact. The only authentic lines of descent are as follows:
Raleigh's only surviving child, Carew Raleigh, had three surviving children—Walter (d. 1660), Anne (d. 1708) and Philip (d. 1705).
The elder son, Walter Raleigh, was knighted in June 1660, but died two months later. He was buried at West Horsley. He left three surviving children{{snd}}Elizabeth, Philippa and Anne. Philippa (who married Oliver Weekes, of Tortingdon, Sussex) and Anne (who married William Knight, of Barrells, Warwickshire) left descendants. It was Philippa Weekes' daughter, Elizabeth Elwes, who seems to have owned the main store of Raleigh memorabilia and was consulted by William Oldys in 1735 when he was writing his ''Life of Raleigh'' <ref> ''The History of the World'' by Sir Walter Ralegh Kt.... by Mr Oldys... London, 1706</ref>
Anne Raleigh married Sir Peter Tyrrell, Bt. of Castlethorpe, Bucks. Their son Thomas Tyrrell, 2nd Bt. left two daughters – Christobella, who married as her third husband, [[Viscount Saye and Sele|Richard Fiennes, 6th Viscount Saye & Sele]], but died without surviving issue in 1789. The younger daughter, Harriet, married Francis Mann, of Kidlington, Oxfordshire, and died in 1785, having had a daughter, Harriet, who married Capt. Joseph Mead and died in 1784, leaving issue. <ref> Her son was Rev Francis Mead, rector of Candlebury, Lincs. His great aunt, Lady Saye and Sele, left him £2000 and all her plate in her will. </ref>
Philip Raleigh championed his grandfather's cause, publishing several of his hitherto unpublished papers. He had a family of four sons and three daughters. The youngest son, Carew Raleigh, page of honour to William III, was serving as a captain's servant on {{HMS|Bredah}} when he died of fever in the West Indies in 1697, aged seventeen. The second son, Lieut. Brudenell Raleigh, was also serving in the navy in the West Indies when he died of fever in June 1698, aged 22. The eldest son, Captain Walter Raleigh, Grenadier Guards, was page of honour to Queen Mary, and was killed at the siege of Schellenberg in 1704, aged 31. He was unmarried. After Walter's death, his father was granted a pension by the crown, 'in consideration of his 3 sons being slain in the late and present war'. <ref>'Minute Book: June 1706', in Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 20, 1705–1706, ed. William A Shaw (London, 1952), pp. 79–86. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol20/pp.79-86{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [accessed 29 March 2019].</ref> The third son, Captain-Lieutenant Grenville Raleigh, served in the [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]]'s army throughout the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] and died of fever in 1717, while guarding the prisoners at Chester after the 1715 [[Jacobite rising]]. He had married and had two sons and a daughter, Mary. On the death of his daughter in Bath in 1783, it was noted that she was 'the only surviving descendant in the direct line of Sir Walter Raleigh'. <ref> The Bath Chronicle, November 1783. Her will, signed on 5 April 1781, makes no mention of any Raleigh relatives. </ref>
Of Philip Raleigh's daughters, Anne and Elizabeth both died unmarried. <ref> Anne was unmarried when William Oldys published his life of Raleigh in 1736, when she would have been in her 60s. She died in 1743. There is a memorial to Elizabeth Raleigh in the church at Cheriton, Kent – her sister, Frances Honywood, lived at nearby Enbrook Manor. Elizabeth died in 1716, aged 42. </ref> The eldest daughter, Frances, married William Honywood, eldest son of [[Sir William Honywood, 2nd Baronet|Sir William Honywood]], of Evington Place, Elmsted, Kent and died in 1730. Her many descendants include the present [[Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] and the actor [[Hugh Grant]].{{sfn|King|2019|p=}}
==See also==
* [[List of colonial governors of Virginia]]
* [[Sir Walter]], a race horse
* [[The Armada Service]]
==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn| name=pronunciation|Many alternative spellings of his surname exist, including ''Rawley'', ''Ralegh'', ''Ralagh'' and ''Rawleigh''. "Raleigh" appears most commonly today, but he is known to have used that spelling only once. His most consistent preference was for "Ralegh". His full name is {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɔː|l|t|ər|_|ˈ|r|ɔː|l|i}}, but in practice, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|æ|l|i}} {{Respell|RAL|ee}} and even {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|l|i}} {{Respell|RAH|lee}} are the usual modern pronunciations in England.}}
}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=si.edu>{{Cite web |url=http://www.serc.si.edu/education/resources/watershed/stories/roanoke.aspx |title=The lost colony of Roanoke Island |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101082546/http://www.serc.si.edu/education/resources/watershed/stories/roanoke.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2015 |url-status=dead |website=The Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>
<ref name=thelostworld.org>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelostworld.org/characters/Character.htm |title=Walter Raleigh – Delusions of Guiana |website=The Lost World: The Gran Sabana, Canaima National Park and Angel Falls – Venezuela |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=9 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209070538/http://www.thelostworld.org/characters/Character.htm}}</ref>
<ref name=yale.edu>{{cite web|title=Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh: 1584|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/raleigh.asp|website=The Avalon Project|publisher=Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=23 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123233745/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/raleigh.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Midddle Temple">{{citation|title=Register of Admissions to the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple|volume= I|page=39}}</ref>
<ref name="Walter Raleigh Biography">{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/walter-raleigh-9450901 |title=Walter Raleigh Biography |website=The Biography Channel |access-date=12 March 2014 |archive-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313145636/http://www.biography.com/people/walter-raleigh-9450901 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=crimtrial>1 Criminal Trials 400, 400–511, 1850.</ref>
<ref name=uark.edu>{{cite web|title=Note on the trial under commission of Oyer and Terminer with a jury, at a court of assizes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609194849/http://law.uark.edu/documents/Bailey_BE_Trial_of_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.pdf|url=http://law.uark.edu/documents/Bailey_BE_Trial_of_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.pdf|archive-date=9 June 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=wallacecollection.org>{{cite web|title=Sir Walter Raleigh's tobacco pouch|url=http://wallacelive.wallacecollection.org/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=64809&viewType=detailView|publisher=Wallace Collection|access-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109092652/https://wallacelive.wallacecollection.org/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=64809&viewType=detailView|archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>
}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*{{Cite web |title=Woodbury Common – Hayes Barton |last=Batten |first=Jim |work=britishexplorers.com |date=16 August 2020 |access-date=6 September 2020 |url=http://www.britishexplorers.com/woodbury/hayesba.html |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805014854/http://www.britishexplorers.com/woodbury/hayesba.html |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book|editor1-first=Joseph|editor1-last=Black|title=The Broadview Anthology of British Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBkw3d6adu4C&pg=PA724|edition=2nd|volume=A|year=2011|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=978-1-77048-086-5|display-editors=et al|ref={{sfnref|Black et al.|2011}}}}
*{{cite web |first=Gene |last=Borio |url=http://www.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History17.html |title=Tobacco Timeline: The Seventeenth Century – The Great Age of the Pipe |publisher=Tobacco.org |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109093130/http://archive.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History17.html |archive-date=9 November 2012 |date=2007 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Bremer|first1=Francis J.|last2=Webster|first2=Tom|title=Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzvHvEDPosQC&pg=PA454|year=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-678-1}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/raleghana08brus|title=Raleghana|last=Brushfield|first=Thomas Nadauld|author-link=Thomas Nadauld Brushfield|volume=8|year=1896|location=Plymouth|publisher=Devonshire Association}}
*{{cite book|last=Bullett|first=Gerald|author-link=Gerald Bullett|title=Silver Poets of the 16th Century|series=[[Everyman's Library]]|volume=1985|year=1947|publisher=Dent|location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |title = Reading the 1592 Groatsworth Attack on Shakespeare |last = Carroll|first = D. Allen |journal = Tennessee Law Review |publisher = Tennessee Law Review Association |year = 2004 |volume = 72 |issue = 1|pages = 277–94 |issn = 0040-3288}}
*{{cite book|last1=Cherry|first1=Bridget|author-link1=Bridget Cherry|last2=Pevsner|first2=Nikolaus|author-link2=Nikolaus Pevsner|title=The Buildings of England: Devon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wd_Pw4L3zcC|year=2004|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-300-09596-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Christenson|first=Ron|title=Political Trials in History: From Antiquity to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKBDAQAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Transaction|isbn=978-0-88738-406-6}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Archaeologia|page=151|publisher=The Society of Antiquaries of London|date=1852|volume=34|issue=2|title=Additional Information respecting the Life and Services of Sir Walter Raleigh|first=John Payne|last=Collier|doi=10.1017/S026134090000103X|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1812965|access-date=28 September 2020|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804003353/https://zenodo.org/record/1812965|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Edwards (librarian)|title=The Life of Sir Walter Ralegh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jaRRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA26|volume=1|year=1868|publisher=Macmillan & Company}}
*{{cite book|last1=Durant|first1= Will |last2=Durant|first2= Ariel |date=1961|title=The Story of Civilization|title-link=The Story of Civilization|volume=VII|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1567310238}}
*{{cite book|last=Fairholt|first=Frederick William|date=1859|url=https://archive.org/details/tobaccoitshistor00fair|title=Tobacco, Its History and Associations|location=London|publisher=Chapman and Hall}}
*{{cite book|last=Fuller|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Fuller|title=Anglorum Speculum: Or The Worthies of England, in Church and State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvYm-o5Gw_UC&pg=749|year=1684|publisher=J. Wright}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://fewbetween.blogspot.com/2013/01/walter-raleigh-wrote-shakespeare.html|title=Far and few between: Walter Raleigh Wrote Shakespeare?|first=Michael J.|last=Farrand|date=26 January 2013|access-date=20 December 2018|archive-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220231004/http://fewbetween.blogspot.com/2013/01/walter-raleigh-wrote-shakespeare.html|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |title = The Shakespeare Claimants |series = Routledge Library Editions – Shakespeare |last = Gibson |first = H. N. |publisher = Routledge |year = 2005 |orig-year = 1962 |isbn = 978-0-415-35290-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W7HEMEsGiVUC |access-date = 20 December 2010 }}
*{{cite book|last=Hakluyt|first=Richard|editor=Irwin R. Blacker|title=Hakluyt's Voyages: The Principle Navigations Voyages Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6gnAQAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Viking Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-670-01067-7}}
*{{Cite web |title=Did Shakespeare Really Write His Plays? A Few Theories Examined |last=Hechinger |first=Paul |work=BBC America |date=October 2011 |access-date=6 September 2020 |url=https://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2011/10/did-shakespeare-really-write-his-plays-a-few-theories-examined/2 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807035831/https://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2011/10/did-shakespeare-really-write-his-plays-a-few-theories-examined/2 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |chapter = The Question of Authorship |title = Shakespeare: an Oxford Guide |series = Oxford Guides |editor1-last = Wells |editor1-first = Stanley |editor2-last = Orlin |editor2-first = Lena Cowen |last = Kathman |first = David |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2003 |pages = 620–632 |isbn = 978-0-19-924522-2}}
*{{cite book|first=Walter Raleigh |last=King |date=2019|title=Sunk Down among the People: The Story of the Descendants of Sir Walter Raleigh|publisher=Kindle Direct Publishing |asin=B081SKM5HD}}
*{{cite DNB|last1=Laughton|first1= John Knox |last2=Lee|first2=Sidney|volume=47|wstitle=Ralegh, Walter (1552?–1618)}}
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Stucley, Lewis|volume=55|first=John Knox|last=Laughton}}
*{{Cite magazine|last=Ley|first=Willy|date=December 1965|title=The Healthfull Aromatick Herbe|department=For Your Information|magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction|url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?659721|editor=Frederik Pohl|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527215403/http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?659721|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author1-link=John Lloyd (producer)|last1=Lloyd |first1=J.|author2-link=John Mitchinson (researcher)|last2=Mitchinson|first2= J.|date=2006|title=[[The Book of General Ignorance]] |publisher=Faber and Faber|isbn=0-307-39491-3}}
*{{cite book|last1=May|first1=Steven W.|title=Sir Walter Ralegh|date=1989|publisher=Twayne|location=Boston, MA|isbn=9780805769838}} Raleigh as a writer and poet.
* {{cite ODNB|id=23039|title=Ralegh, Sir Walter (1554–1618)|last=Nicholls|first=Mark|last2=Williams|first2= Penry |date=17 September 2004}}
* {{Cite journal |title = Stratford Si! Essex No! |last = Nelson |first = Alan H. |year = 2004 |journal = Tennessee Law Review |publisher = Tennessee Law Review Association |volume = 72 |issue = 1 |pages = 149–169 |issn = 0040-3288}}
*{{cite book|last1=Nicholls|first1=Mark|last2=Williams|first2=Penry|title=Sir Walter Raleigh: In Life and Legend|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8TOqi0Dd4cC&pg=PA15|year=2011|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1209-5}}
* {{Cite magazine |title = The Sweet Swan |last = Paster |first = Gail Kern |magazine = [[Harper's Magazine]] |date = April 1999 |url = http://www.harpers.org/archive/1999/04/0060465 |access-date = 2 March 2011 |format = subscription required |pages = 38–41 |archive-date = 3 November 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111103140340/http://harpers.org/archive/1999/04/0060465 |url-status = live }}
* {{Cite journal |title = Irvin Matus's ''Shakespeare, In Fact'' |last = Pendleton |first = Thomas A. |journal = Shakespeare Newsletter |publisher = [[University of Illinois at Chicago]] |volume = 44 |issue = Summer |year = 1994 |pages = 21, 26–30 |issn = 0037-3214}}
*{{cite book|last=Popper|first=Nicholas|title=Walter Ralegh's "History of the World" and the Historical Culture of the Late Renaissance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYCk9b8SPA0C|year=2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-67502-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Quinn|first=David B.|title=Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584–1606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvA0Az4owikC|year=1985|publisher=UNC Press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=978-0-8078-4123-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Racin|first=John|title=Sir Walter Ralegh as Historian: An Analysis of The History of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWZExwEACAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Inst. f. Engl. Sprache u. Literatur, Univ. Salzburg}}
*{{cite book|last=Ronald|first=Susan|title=The Pirate Queen: Queen Elizabeth I, Her Pirate Adventurers, and the Dawn of Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3Ny_3Gp95kC|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-082066-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Rowse|first=Alfred Leslie|author-link=Alfred Leslie Rowse|title=Ralegh and the Throckmortons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lC8zQEACAAJ|year=1962|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=London|isbn=9787800419980}}
*{{cite book|last1=Salaman|first1=Redcliffe N.|last2=Burton|first2=William Glynn|title=The History and Social Influence of the Potato|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EV4YE_0RsywC&pg=PA148|year=1985|publisher=University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-31623-1}}
* {{Cite book |title = Shakespeare's Lives |last = Schoenbaum |first = S. |edition = 2nd |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 1991 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0zZc7VFGNtMC |isbn = 978-0-19-818618-2 }}
*{{cite book|last=St. John|first=James Augustus|author-link=James Augustus St. John|title=Life of Sir Walter Raleigh: 1552–1618|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTnSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA52|year=1869|publisher=Chapman & Hall|chapter=Perpetrates the Massacre of Del Oro}}
* {{Cite book |title = Henry V, War Criminal?: and Other Shakespeare Puzzles |last1 = Sutherland |first1 = John |author-link = John Sutherland (author) |last2 = Watts |first2 = Cedric T. |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-0-19-283879-7 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M_QGoTWMmMgC |access-date = 16 February 2011 }}
*{{cite book|last=Trevelyan|first=Raleigh|author-link=Raleigh Trevelyan|title=Sir Walter Raleigh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oBnAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9326-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Vivian|first=John Lambrick|author-link=John Lambrick Vivian|title=The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Herald's Visitations of 1531, 1564, & 1620|url=https://archive.org/details/VisitationOfTheCountyOfDevonInTheYear1620/|year=1895|publisher=H. S. Eland}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wallace|first=Willard Mosher |author-link=Willard M. Wallace|title=Sir Walter Raleigh|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1959|isbn=978-1-4008-7900-7|location=Princeton, N.J.|oclc=927442536}}
*{{Cite web |title=Who Really Wrote Shakespeare's Plays? Sir Walter Raleigh ? |last1=Wallechinsky |first1=David |last2=Wallace |first2=Irving |work=trivia-library.com |date=1981 |access-date=6 September 2020 |url=https://www.trivia-library.com/b/who-really-wrote-shakespeare-plays-sir-walter-raleigh.htm |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126101739/https://www.trivia-library.com/b/who-really-wrote-shakespeare-plays-sir-walter-raleigh.htm |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Norman Lloyd|date=1988|title=Sir Walter Raleigh|series=Cassell Biographies|url=https://archive.org/details/sirwalterraleigh00will|ol=24939443M|oclc=18325609|isbn=9780304322411}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Raleigh_Sir_Walter_ca_1552-1618|title=Sir Walter Raleigh (ca. 1552–1618)|last=Wolfe|first=Brendan|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Virginia|publisher=Virginia Humanities|access-date=1 March 2020|date=2018|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030101630/https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Raleigh_Sir_Walter_ca_1552-1618|url-status=live}}
*{{cite ODNB|id=26740|title=Stucley, Sir Lewis|first=Mary|last=Wolffe|date=23 September 2004}}
{{refend}}
===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* Adamson, J.H. and Folland, H. F. ''Shepherd of the Ocean'', 1969.
* Beer, Anna. ''Sir Walter Raleigh and his readers in the Seventeenth Century'' (Springer, 1997).
* Beer, Anna. ''Patriot or Traitor: The Life and Death of Sir Walter Ralegh'' (Oneworld, 2018).
* Bevan, Bryan. ''The Great Seamen of Elizabeth I'' (Robert Hale, 1971).
* Hiscock, Andrew. "Walter Ralegh and the Arts of Memory." ''Literature Compass'' 4.4 (2007): 1030–1058.
* Dwyer, Jack. ''Dorset Pioneers'' [[The History Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-7524-5346-0}}
* Gallay, Alan. ''Walter Ralegh: Architect of Empire'' (2019), a major scholarly biography [https://www.amazon.com/Walter-Ralegh-Architect-Alan-Gallay/dp/1541645790/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326210006/https://www.amazon.com/Walter-Ralegh-Architect-Alan-Gallay/dp/1541645790 |date=26 March 2024 }}
* Holmes, John. "The Guiana Projects: Imperial and Colonial Ideologies in Ralegh and Purchas." ''Literature & History'' 14.2 (2005): 1–13.
* Lawson-Peebles, Robert. "The many faces of Sir Walter Ralegh" ''History Today'' 48.3 (1998): 17+.
* [[C. S. Lewis|Lewis, C. S.]] ''English Literature in the Sixteenth Century Excluding Drama,'' (1954).
* Lyons, Mathew. ''The Favourite: Ralegh and His Queen'' (Hachette UK, 2011).
* Lyons, Mathew. "Cloaked in Mystery." ''History Today'' (2012) 62.7 pp 72–72
* Pemberton, Henry (Author); Carroll Smyth (Editor), Susan L. Pemberton (Contributor) ''Shakespeare And Sir Walter Raleigh: Including Also Several Essays Previously Published In The New Shakspeareana'', Kessinger Publishing, LLC; 264 pages, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0548312483}}
* Ralegh, Sir Walter, and Michael Rudick. "The Poems of Sir Walter Ralegh: A Historical Edition." (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies/Renaissance English Text Society, 1999).
* [[William Stebbing|Stebbing, William]]: ''Sir Walter Ralegh'' Oxford, 1899 [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25029 Project Gutenberg eText] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007202012/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25029 |date=7 October 2019 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Tytler|first=Patrick Fraser|author-link=Patrick Fraser Tytler|year=1848|title=Life of Sir Walter Raleigh, Founded on Authentic and Original Documents|publisher=T. Nelson and Sons|publication-date=1853|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/lifesirwalterra02tytlgoog|access-date=17 August 2008}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
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* The Sir Walter Raleigh Collection in Wilson Library at the [[University of North Carolina]] at [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]]
* [http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/raleigh.htm Sir Walter Raleigh's Grave]
* [http://www.britannia.com/bios/raleigh/index.html Biography of Sir Walter Raleigh at Britannia.com]
* [http://www.nps.gov/fora/sirwalter.htm Sir Walter Raleigh at the Fort Raleigh website]
* [http://www.giga-usa.com/gigaweb1/quotes2/quautraleigh1walterx001.htm Quotes attributed to Sir Walter Raleigh]
* [http://www.awesomestories.com/flicks/elizabeth-I/the-death-of-raleigh Story of Raleigh's last years and his beheading]
* [http://www.presscom.co.uk/leepriory/leeraleigh.html Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh, plus commentary]
* [http://the-lost-colony.blogspot.com Searching for the Lost Colony Blog]
* [http://www.csuchico.edu/engl/texts/ralegh.pdf Robert Viking O'Brien & Stephen Kent O'Brien, ''Discovery of Guiana'' essay, ''Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527234339/http://www.csuchico.edu/engl/texts/ralegh.pdf |date=27 May 2008 }}
* [http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/ralegh.htm Sir Walter Raleigh portal] at luminarium.org
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Raleigh,+Walter }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Walter Raleigh}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1155}}
* [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012476035 ''The History of the World''] at [[Hathi Trust]]
<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please follow the [[WP:EL]] guideline where possible and consider discussing on the talk page. Thank you. -->
{{Navboxes
|title=Offices and distinctions
|list1=
{{S-start}}
{{S-court}}
{{S-bef| before=[[Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford|The Earl of Bedford]]}}
{{S-ttl | title=[[Lord Warden of the Stannaries]] | years=1584–1603}}
{{S-aft| rows= | after=[[William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke|The Earl of Pembroke]]}}
{{S-hon}}
{{S-bef| before=[[Francis Godolphin (1540–1608)|Sir Francis Godolphin]]<br />[[William Mohun|Sir William Mohun]]<br />[[Peter Edgcumbe]]<br />[[Richard Carew (antiquary)|Richard Carew]]}}
{{S-ttl | title=[[Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall]] | years=1587–1603}}
{{S-aft| rows= | after=[[William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke|The Earl of Pembroke]]}}
{{S-gov}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Sir Edward Seymour, 1st Baronet|Edward Seymour]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Vice-Admiral of Devon]]|years=1585–1603}}
{{S-aft|after=[[William Bourchier, 3rd Earl of Bath|The Earl of Bath]] (North Devon) and<br />[[Richard Hawkins|Sir Richard Hawkins]] (South Devon)}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Best (guard captain)|John Best]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard]]|years=1597–1603}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie|Sir Thomas Erskine]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Matthew Arundell|Sir Matthew Arundell]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Custos Rotulorum of Dorset]]|years=1598–1603}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Thomas Howard, 3rd Viscount Howard of Bindon|Viscount Howard of Bindon]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Anthony Paulet|Sir Anthony Paulet]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Jersey]]|years=1600–1603}}
{{S-aft|after=[[John Peyton (soldier)|Sir John Peyton]]}}
{{S-end}}
}}
{{Subject bar|portal1=Biography|portal2=England|portal3=North America|portal4=Poetry|portal5=Politics|portal6=South America|commons=y|commons-search=Category:Sir Walter Raleigh|q=y|q-search=Walter Raleigh|s=y|s-search=Author:Walter Raleigh (1554–1618)}}<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add "Portal:British Empire" or "Portal:United States" as it would be historically inaccurate. Thank you. -->
{{Sir Walter Raleigh}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raleigh, Walter}}
[[Category:Walter Raleigh| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:1550s births]]
[[Category:1618 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Burials at St Margaret's, Westminster]]
[[Category:English courtiers]]
[[Category:English explorers of North America]]
[[Category:English knights]]
[[Category:English male poets]]
[[Category:English MPs 1584–1585]]
[[Category:English MPs 1586–1587]]
[[Category:English MPs 1597–1598]]
[[Category:English MPs 1601]]
[[Category:English people of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)]]
[[Category:English politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:English sailors]]
[[Category:Executed people from Devon]]
[[Category:Executed writers]]
[[Category:Explorers of South America]]
[[Category:Governors of Jersey]]
[[Category:Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Lord-Lieutenants of Cornwall]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Cornwall]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Devon]]
[[Category:People executed by Stuart England by decapitation]]
[[Category:People executed under the Stuarts for treason against England]]
[[Category:People from East Devon District]]
[[Category:People of Elizabethan Ireland]]
[[Category:People of the Elizabethan era]]
[[Category:People of the Roanoke Colony]]
[[Category:Prisoners in the Tower of London]]
[[Category:English army officers]]
[[Category:Court of Elizabeth I]]
[[Category:People of the Second Desmond Rebellion]]
[[Category:Raleigh family|Walter]]
[[Category:People from Youghal]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|English statesman, soldier, writer, and pioneer of New World colonization (1552–1618)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Walter Raleigh
| image = Sir Walter Ralegh by 'H' monogrammist.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Raleigh, 1588
| office = Government offices
| suboffice = [[Lord Warden of the Stannaries]]
| subterm = 1584–1603
| suboffice1 = [[Vice-Admiral of Devon]]
| subterm1 = 1585–1603
| suboffice2 = [[Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall]]
| subterm2 = 1587–1603
| suboffice3 = [[Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard]]
| subterm3 = 1586–1592<br> 1597–1603
| suboffice4 = [[Custos Rotulorum of Dorset]]
| subterm4 = 1598–1603
| suboffice5 = [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey|Governor of Jersey]]
| subterm5 = 1600–1603
| office6 = Parliamentary offices
| suboffice6 = [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Devon (UK Parliament constituency)|Devonshire]]
| subterm6 = 1584–1585<br> 1586–1587
| suboffice7 = [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|Dorset]]
| subterm7 = 1597–1598
| suboffice8 = [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)|Cornwall]]
| subterm8 = 1601
| birth_date = {{circa| 22 January 1552}} (or 1554)
| birth_place = [[East Budleigh]], [[Devon]], [[Kingdom of England|England]]
| death_date = {{death date|df=yes|1618|10|29}} (aged approximately 66)
| death_place = [[London]], England
| death_cause = [[Execution]] by [[Decapitation|beheading]]
| alma_mater = [[Oriel College, Oxford]]
| spouse = [[Elizabeth Raleigh|Elizabeth Throckmorton]]
| children = Damerei<br />Walter "Wat"{{sfn|Wolfe|2018}}<br />[[Carew Raleigh (1605–1666)|Carew]]
| signature = Sir Walter Raleigh Signature.svg
| battles = [[Desmond Rebellions]]<br> [[French Wars of Religion]]<br> [[Spanish Armada]]
| module2 = {{infobox writer|embed=yes
| notable_works =
{{hlist|''[[The Lie (poem)|The Lie]]''|''What is Our Life''|''[[The Discovery of Guiana]]''|''[[The History of the World (Raleigh)|The Historie of the World]]''|''[[The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd]]''}}
}}
}}
'''Sir Walter Raleigh{{efn |name=pronunciation}}''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɔː|l|i|,_|ˈ|r|æ|l|i|,_|ˈ|r|ɑː|l|i}}; {{circa|1552}} – 29 October 1618) was an English statesman, soldier, writer and explorer. One of the most notable figures of the [[Elizabethan era]], he played a leading part in [[English colonisation of North America]], suppressed rebellion in [[Ireland]], helped defend [[Kingdom of England|England]] against the [[Spanish Armada]] and held political positions under [[Elizabeth I]].
Raleigh was born to a [[landed gentry]] family of [[Protestant]] faith in [[Devon]], the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne. He was the younger half-brother of Sir [[Humphrey Gilbert]] and a cousin of Sir [[Richard Grenville]]. Little is known of his early life, though in his late teens he spent some time in [[Kingdom of France|France]] taking part in the [[French Wars of Religion|religious civil wars]]. In his 20s he took part in the suppression of rebellion in the [[Plantations of Ireland|colonisation]] of [[Ireland]]; he also participated in the [[siege of Smerwick]]. Later, he became a landlord of property in Ireland and mayor of [[Youghal]] in east [[Munster]], where his house still stands in [[Myrtle Grove, Youghal|Myrtle Grove]].<ref>{{cite web | title=The Church and Town of Sir Walter Raleigh | website=United Diocese of Cork, Cloyne and Ross | date=21 May 2021 | url=http://cork.anglican.org/tourism/historical-interest/the-church-and-town-of-sir-walter-raleigh/ | access-date=15 June 2021 | archive-date=19 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019122216/http://cork.anglican.org/tourism/historical-interest/the-church-and-town-of-sir-walter-raleigh/ | url-status=live }}</ref> He rose rapidly in the favour of Queen [[Elizabeth I]] and was knighted in 1585. He was granted a [[royal patent]] to explore [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]], paving the way for future English settlements. In 1591, he secretly married [[Elizabeth Throckmorton]], one of the Queen's [[Lady-in-waiting|ladies-in-waiting]], without the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the [[Tower of London]]. After his release, they retired to his estate at [[Sherborne]], [[Dorset]].
In 1594, Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" in [[South America]] and sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of "[[El Dorado]]". After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh was again imprisoned in the Tower, this time for being involved in the [[Main Plot]] against [[James VI and I|King James I]], who was not favourably disposed towards him. In 1616, he was released to lead a second expedition in search of El Dorado. During the expedition, men led by his top commander ransacked a Spanish outpost, in violation of both the terms of his pardon and the [[Treaty of London (1604)|1604 peace treaty with Spain]]. Raleigh returned to England and, to appease the Spanish, he was arrested and executed in 1618.
==Early life==
[[File:Millais Boyhood of Raleigh.jpg|left|thumb|''[[The Boyhood of Raleigh]]'' by [[John Everett Millais]], 1871]]
Little is known about Sir Walter Raleigh's fart in the car birth{{sfn|Black et al.|2011|p=724}} but he is believed to have been born on 22 January 1552 (or possibly 1554{{sfn|Nicholls|Williams|2004}}). He grew up in the house of Hayes [[Bartopeepeen (demesne)|Barton]]{{sfn|Batten|2020}} (in the parish of [[East Budleigh]]), in East [[Devon]]. He was the youngest of the five sons of Walter Raleigh (1510–1581) (or Rawleigh) of [[Fardel Manor]] (in the parish of [[Cornwood]]),{{sfn|Cherry|Pevsner|2004|p=288}} in South Devon. Raleigh's family PAPI is generally assumed to have been a junior branch of the Raleigh family, 11th-century lords of the [[manor of Raleigh, Pilton]]{{sfn|Vivian|1895|p=638}} in North Devon, although the two branches are known to have borne entirely dissimilar coats of arms,{{efn|Raleigh of Pilton: ''Gules crusilly or, a bend vair''; arms of Raleigh of Fardell: ''Gules, five fusils conjoined in bend argent''{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} }} adopted at the start of the age of [[heraldry]] ({{circa|1200}}–1215).
[[File:GilbertImpalingChampernowne YardeHeraldicWindow ChurstonFerrersChurch.xcf|thumb|Arms of Katherine Champernowne, mother of Sir Walter Raleigh, impaled by the arms of her first husband, Otes Gilbert. [[Churston Ferrers]] Church]]
His mother was Katherine Champernowne, the third wife of Walter Raleigh senior. She was the fourth daughter of Sir Philip Champernowne (1479–1545), [[lord of the manor]] of [[Modbury]], Devon, by his wife Catherine Carew, a daughter of Sir Edmund Carew (d. 1513) of [[Mohuns Ottery]] (in the parish of [[Luppitt]]), Devon,{{sfn|Vivian|1895|pp=639, 405, 162}}. Katherine was the widow of Otes Gilbert (1513–1546/7) of [[Greenway Estate|Greenway]] (in the parish of [[Brixham]]) and of [[Compton Castle]] (in the parish of [[Marldon]]), both in Devon. (The coat of arms of Otes Gilbert and Katherine Champernowne survives in a stained glass window in [[Churston Ferrers]] Church, near Greenway.)
Katherine Champernowne's paternal aunt was [[Katherine Champernowne|Kat Ashley]], governess of Queen Elizabeth I, who introduced Raleigh and his brothers to the court.{{sfn|Ronald|2007|p=249}} Raleigh's maternal uncle was Sir [[Arthur Champernowne]] ({{circa|1524}}–1578), a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]], [[Sheriff of Devon]] and [[Vice-Admiral of the West|Admiral of the West]].
Walter Raleigh junior's immediate family included his full brother [[Carew Raleigh]], and half-brothers John Gilbert, [[Humphrey Gilbert]] and Adrian Gilbert. As a consequence of their kinship with the Champernowne family, all of the Raleigh and Gilbert brothers became prominent during the reigns of [[Elizabeth I]] and [[James VI and I|James I]].
Raleigh's family was highly [[Protestant]] in religious orientation and had a number of near escapes during the reign of [[Roman Catholic]] Queen [[Mary I of England]]. In the most notable of these, his father had to hide in a tower to avoid execution. As a result, Raleigh developed a [[Anti-Catholicism|hatred of Roman Catholicism]] during his childhood, and proved himself quick to express it after Protestant Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558. In matters of religion, Elizabeth was more moderate than her half-sister Mary.{{sfn|Bremer|Webster|2006|p=454}}
In 1569, Raleigh went to France to serve with the [[Huguenot]]s in the French religious civil wars.{{sfn|Black et al.|2011|p=724}} In 1572, Raleigh was registered as an undergraduate at [[Oriel College, Oxford]], but he left in 1574 without a degree.<ref name=":3" /> Raleigh proceeded to finish his education in the [[Inns of Court]].{{sfn|Black et al.|2011|p=724}} In 1575, he was admitted to the [[Middle Temple]], having previously been a member of [[Lyon's Inn]], one of the [[Inns of Chancery]].<ref name="Midddle Temple"/> {{cns|date=January 2024|text=At his trial in 1603, he stated that he had never studied law.}} Much of his life is uncertain between 1569 and 1575, but in his ''History of the World'', he claimed to have been an eyewitness at the [[Battle of Moncontour]] (3 October 1569) in France. In 1575 or 1576, Raleigh returned to England.{{sfn|Edwards|1868|pp=26–33}}
In 1577 and again in 1579 Raleigh made voyages with his half-brother [[Humphrey Gilbert|Sir Humphrey Gilbert]] in attempts to find a [[Northwest Passage]].<ref name=":3" /> They failed to find a passage, but succeeded in raiding Spanish ships.<ref name=":3" />
==Ireland==
[[File:Raleigh's first pipe in England.jpeg|thumb|"Raleigh's First Pipe in England", an illustration included in [[Frederick William Fairholt]]'s ''Tobacco, its history and associations''{{sfn|Fairholt|1859|p=}}]]
''See [[Plantations of Ireland]]''
From 1579 to late 1580, Raleigh took part in the suppression of the [[Desmond Rebellions]]. He was present at the [[siege of Smerwick]], where he led the party that beheaded some 600 Spanish and Italian soldiers.{{sfn|St. John|1869|pp=52–77}}{{sfn|Nicholls|Williams|2011|p=15}} In September 1584, [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]] had the land surveyed to be divided amongst her "Undertakers"(People she appointed to undertake supervision of colonization of the region) to colonize.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Munster Plantation, 1584–98 |url=https://core.ecu.edu/umc/munster/settlement_munster.html |website=ecu.edu |quote="extensive crown-sponsored surveying of his lands began in September, 1584" |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607053833/https://core.ecu.edu/umc/Munster/settlement_munster.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=1584 – the Plantation of Munster |url=https://www.coleslane.com/1584---plantation-of-munster}}</ref>
In 1585, Raleigh received {{cvt|40000|acre}} (approximately 0.2% of Ireland) in the [[Munster Plantation]], including the coastal walled town of [[Youghal]] and, further up the [[Munster Blackwater|Blackwater River]], the village of [[Lismore, County Waterford|Lismore]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
Raleigh made the town of [[Youghal]] in Ireland his occasional home during his 17 years as an Irish landlord, frequently being domiciled at [[Killua Castle]], [[Clonmellon]], [[County Westmeath]]. He was mayor there from 1588 to 1589.<ref name=":1" /> Raleigh encouraged veterans of the earlier attempts of the [[Roanoke Colony]] settle in Ireland, including [[Thomas Harriot|Thomas Hariot]] and [[John White (colonist and artist)|John White]] from the 1585 trip. (He was the governor of the 1587 trip, but returned with the delivery ship to acquire additional supplies.) Raleigh is credited with introducing potatoes to England and Ireland.<ref name=":3" /> Potatoes would in time have an outsized role in Irish farming and culture. A potato crop failure in the 1800s would lead to the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]].
Amongst Raleigh's acquaintances in Munster was another Englishman who had been granted land in the Irish colonies, poet [[Edmund Spenser]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Raleigh's management of his Irish estates ran into difficulties which contributed to a decline in his fortunes. In 1602, he sold the lands to [[Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork]], who subsequently prospered under kings [[James VI and I|James I]] and [[Charles I of England|Charles I]].{{sfn|Laughton|Lee|1896}}
==New World==
[[File:Sir Walter Raleigh by Simon van de Passe (1617).jpg|thumb|Engraved portrait of Raleigh]]
On March 25, 1584, Queen Elizabeth granted Raleigh [[Royal charter|a royal charter]] authorizing him to explore, colonise and rule any "remote, heathen and barbarous lands, countries and territories, not actually possessed of any Christian Prince or inhabited by Christian People", in return for one-fifth of all the gold and silver that might be mined there.<ref name=yale.edu/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |location=Manteo, North Carolina |title=Amadas and Barlowe – Fort Raleigh National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/fora/learn/education/amadas-and-barlowe.htm |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607122426/https://www.nps.gov/fora/learn/education/amadas-and-barlowe.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This charter specified that Raleigh had seven years in which to establish a settlement, or else lose his right to do so. Raleigh and Elizabeth intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World and a base from which to send [[privateer]]s on raids against the treasure fleets of [[Spain]]. The charter was originally given to [[Humphrey Gilbert|Sir Humphrey Gilbert]] who pitched the idea to [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]] and died at sea while attempting to accomplish it.
On April 27, 1584, the [[Philip Amadas]] and [[Arthur Barlowe]] expedition set sail from England on an exploratory mission to determine what resources were available in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Phillip |title=Amadas and Barlowe Expedition |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/amadas-and-barlowe-expedition |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193309/https://www.ncpedia.org/amadas-and-barlowe-expedition |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Roanoke colony timeline |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Roanoke_Colony/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193706/https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Roanoke_Colony/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They returned with two of the local inhabitants, Manteo and Wanchese, in August 1584, and reported of their findings.<ref name=":4" /> The region (the majority of the east coast) received the name "Virginia" for the Virgin [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]], which is the origin of the name of the modern day [[Virginia|state]].<ref name=":3" />
In 1585, he sent a militarized group to North America to set up a fort to raid Spanish ships and become the first English colony in North America. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Walter Raleigh (c. 1552–1618) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/raleigh_walter.shtml |website=BBC |quote="In 1585, he sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island (now North Carolina)." |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/raleigh_walter.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The voyage was led by [[Richard Grenville|Sir Richard Grenville]] and the colony on [[Roanoke Island]] was governed by [[Ralph Lane]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roanoke Island |url=https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/roanoke-island/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193256/https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/roanoke-island/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The colony ran out of food after clashes with the local inhabitants and eventually left with [[Francis Drake|Sir Francis Drake]] in June 1586 after resupply attempts failed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Sir Walter Raleigh {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-1500-1799-biographies/sir-walter-raleigh |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.encyclopedia.com |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606195502/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-1500-1799-biographies/sir-walter-raleigh |url-status=live }}</ref> Sir Richard Grenvile arrived shortly after the Lane colony left with Drake. He left supplies and 15 men on Roanoke Island and returned to England.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Milton |first=Giles |url=https://archive.org/details/bigchiefelizabet00milt_0/page/n7/mode/2up |title=Big Chief Elizabeth |publisher=Sceptre |year=2000|isbn=9780340748824 }}</ref> They were never seen again.
On July 22, 1587, Raleigh attempted a second expedition, again establishing a settlement on Roanoke Island.<ref name=":2" /> This time, [[List of colonists at Roanoke|a more diverse group of settlers]] was sent, including some entire families,<ref name=si.edu/> under the governance of [[John White (colonist and artist)|John White]].{{sfn|Hakluyt|1965|p=522}} After a short while in America, White returned to England to obtain more supplies for the colony, planning to return in a year. Unfortunately for the colonists at Roanoke, one year became three. The first delay came when Queen Elizabeth I ordered all vessels to remain at port for potential use against the [[Spanish Armada]]. After England's 1588 victory over the Spanish Armada, the ships were given permission to sail.{{sfn|Quinn|1985|pp=125–126}}
The second delay came after White's small fleet set sail for Roanoke and his crew insisted on sailing first towards [[Cuba]] in hopes of capturing treasure-laden Spanish merchant ships. Enormous riches described by their pilot, an experienced [[Portugal|Portuguese]] navigator hired by Raleigh, outweighed White's objections to the delay.{{sfn|Quinn|1985|pp=125–126}}
When the supply ship arrived in Roanoke, three years later than planned, the colonists had disappeared.{{sfn|Quinn|1985|pp=130–133}} The only clue to their fate was the word "CROATOAN" and the letters "CRO" carved into tree trunks. White had arranged with the settlers that if they should move, the name of their destination be carved into a tree or corner post. This suggested the possibility that they had moved to [[Croatoan Island]], but a hurricane prevented John White from investigating the island for survivors.{{sfn|Quinn|1985|pp=130–133}} Other speculation includes their having starved, or been swept away or lost at sea during the stormy weather of 1588. No further attempts at contact were recorded for some years. Whatever the fate of the settlers, the settlement is now remembered as the "[[Roanoke Colony]]" later known as the "Lost Colony".{{sfn|Quinn|1985|p=}}
Raleigh himself never visited North America, although he led expeditions in 1595 and 1617 to the [[Orinoco]] river basin in [[South America]] in search of the golden city of [[El Dorado]]. These expeditions were funded primarily by Raleigh and his friends but never provided the steady stream of revenue necessary to maintain a colony in America.
==1580s==
[[File:Walter Raleighs house in Blackwall Harbour by Philip Norman.jpg|thumb|Walter Raleigh's house in Blackwall Harbour by [[Philip Norman (artist)|Philip Norman]] (before 1931)]]
In 1580 Raleigh went to fight in Ireland against the [[Desmond Rebellions|2nd Desmond Rebellion]].<ref name=":3" /> In December 1581, he returned to England.<ref name=":3" /> He took part in court life and became a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I because of his efforts at increasing the Protestant Church in Ireland.<ref name="Walter Raleigh Biography"/> In 1585, Raleigh was knighted and was appointed [[Lord Warden of the Stannaries|warden of the stannaries]], that is of the [[Mining in Cornwall and Devon|tin mines]] of Cornwall and Devon, [[Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall]] and [[List of vice-admirals of the coast|vice-admiral]] of the two counties. He was a member of parliament for [[Devon (UK Parliament constituency)|Devonshire]] in 1585 and 1586.{{sfn|Laughton|Lee|1896}} He was also granted the right to colonise America.<ref name="Walter Raleigh Biography"/>
Raleigh commissioned shipbuilder R. Chapman of [[Deptford]] to build a ship for him. She was originally called ''Ark'' but became ''[[English ship Ark Royal (1587)|Ark Raleigh]]'', following the convention at the time by which the ship bore the name of her owner. [[The Crown]] (in the person of Queen Elizabeth I) purchased the ship from Raleigh in January 1587 for £5,000 (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|0.005|1587|2015|r=1}}}} million in 2015).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} This took the form of a reduction in the sum that Sir Walter owed the queen; he received [[Tally stick|Exchequer tallies]] but no money. As a result, the ship was renamed ''[[HMS Ark Royal|Ark Royal]]''.{{sfn|Collier|1852|p=151}}
In 1586 one of Raleigh's expeditions caught Spanish explorer [[Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa]]. Raleigh held Gamboa prisoner in his house and had long conversations with him. Gamboa passed messages to the Spanish ambassador who forwarded them to [[Philip II of Spain|King Philip II]]. Raleigh wanted to defect to Spain and sell his ship the ''Ark.'' Philip refused to buy the ship, but encouraged the passing of information from Raleigh.
In 1588, Raleigh had some involvement with defence against the [[Spanish Armada]] at Devon. The ship that he had built, offered to sell to Spain, and later sold to the crown, the ''Ark Royal'', was Lord High Admiral [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|Howard]]'s flagship.{{sfn|May|1989|p=8}}
==1590–1594==
{{multiple image
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| align = right
| image1 = William Segar Sir Walter Raleigh.png
| width1 = 180
| caption1 = Sir Walter Raleigh by [[William Segar]]
| image2 = Sir William Segar Portrait of Elizabeth ‘Bess’ Throckmorton, Lady Raleigh.jpg
| width2 = 180
| caption2 = Elizabeth "Bess" Throckmorton Raleigh by [[William Segar]] 1595
}}
In 1592, Raleigh was given many rewards by the Queen, including [[Durham House, London|Durham House]] in [[Strand, London|the Strand]] and the estate of Sherborne, Dorset. He was appointed [[Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard]]. However, he had not been given any of the [[Great Offices of State|great offices of state]].{{sfn|May|1989|p=8}}
In 1591, Raleigh secretly married [[Elizabeth Raleigh|Elizabeth "Bess" Throckmorton]] (or Throgmorton). She was one of the Queen's [[lady-in-waiting|ladies-in-waiting]], 11 years his junior, and was pregnant at the time. She gave birth to a son, believed to be named Damerei, who was given to a [[wet nurse]] at Durham House, and died of plague in October 1592. Bess resumed her duties to the queen. The following year, the unauthorised marriage was discovered and the Queen ordered Raleigh to be imprisoned and Bess dismissed from court. Both were imprisoned in the Tower of London in June 1592. He was released from prison in August 1592 to manage a recently returned expedition and attack on the Spanish coast. The fleet was recalled by the Queen, but not before it [[Battle of Flores (1592)|captured an incredibly rich prize]]—a merchant ship (carrack) named ''[[Madre de Deus]]'' (Mother of God) off [[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores]]. Raleigh was sent to organise and divide the spoils of the ship. He was sent back to the Tower, but by early 1593 had been released and become a member of Parliament.{{sfn|May|1989|p=13}}
It was several years before Raleigh returned to favour,{{clarify|date=October 2020}} and he travelled extensively in this time. Raleigh and his wife remained devoted to each other. They had two more sons, Walter (known as Wat) in 1593 and [[Carew Raleigh (1605–1666)|Carew]] in 1605.{{sfn|May|1989|p=21}}
Raleigh was elected a burgess of [[Mitchell (UK Parliament constituency)|Mitchell]], Cornwall, in the parliament of 1593.{{sfn|Nicholls|Williams|2004}} He retired to his estate at Sherborne, where he built a new house, completed in 1594, known then as Sherborne Lodge. Since extended, it is now known as [[Sherborne Castle#New castle|Sherborne New Castle]]. He made friends with the local [[gentry]], such as Sir Ralph Horsey of [[Clifton Maybank]] and Charles Thynne of [[Longleat]]. During this period at a dinner party at Horsey's, Raleigh had a heated discussion about religion with Reverend Ralph Ironsides. The argument later gave rise to charges of [[atheism]] against Raleigh, though the charges were dismissed. He was elected to Parliament, speaking on religious and naval matters.{{sfn|May|1989|p=14}}
==First voyage to Guiana==
{{further|Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition}}
In 1594, he came into possession of a Spanish account of a great golden city at the headwaters of the [[Caroní River]]. A year later, he explored what is now [[Guyana]] and [[Guayana Region, Venezuela|eastern Venezuela]] in search of [[Lake Parime]] and Manoa, the legendary city. Once back in England, he published ''[[The Discovery of Guiana]]''{{sfn|Raleigh|1848}} (1596), an account of his voyage which made exaggerated claims as to what had been discovered. The book can be seen as a contribution to the [[El Dorado]] legend. [[Venezuela]] has [[gold]] deposits, but no evidence indicates that Raleigh found any mines. He is sometimes said to have discovered [[Angel Falls]], but these claims are considered far-fetched.<ref name=thelostworld.org/>
==1596–1603==
[[File:WalterRaleighandson.jpg|thumb|Raleigh and his son Walter in 1602]]
In 1596, Raleigh took part in the [[capture of Cádiz]], where he was wounded. He also served as the rear admiral (a principal command) of the [[Islands Voyage]] to the [[Azores]] in 1597.{{sfn|May|1989|p=16}} On his return from the Azores, Raleigh helped England defend itself against the major threat of the [[3rd Spanish Armada]] during the autumn of 1597. The Armada was dispersed in the Channel and later was devastated by a storm off Ireland. [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|Lord Howard of Effingham]] and Raleigh were able to organise a fleet that resulted in the capture of a Spanish ship in retreat carrying vital information regarding the Spanish plans.
In 1597 Raleigh was chosen as member of parliament for [[Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)|Dorset]] and in 1601 for [[Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)|Cornwall]].{{sfn|Laughton|Lee|1896}} He was unique in the Elizabethan period in sitting for three counties.{{sfn|Nicholls|Williams|2004}}
From 1600 to 1603, as governor of the [[Channel Island]] of [[Jersey]], Raleigh modernised its defences. This included the construction of a new fort protecting the approaches to [[Saint Helier]], Fort Isabella Bellissima, or [[Elizabeth Castle]].{{Citation needed|date = October 2012}}
==Trial and imprisonment==
[[File:Bloodytower interior.jpg|left|thumb|Raleigh's cell, Bloody Tower, Tower of London]]
Royal favour with Queen Elizabeth had been restored by this time, but his good fortune did not last; the Queen died on 24 March 1603. Raleigh was arrested on 19 July 1603 at what is now the Old Exeter Inn in Ashburton, charged with [[treason]] for his involvement in the [[Main Plot]] against Elizabeth's successor, [[James VI and I|James I]], and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]].{{sfn|May|1989|p=19}}
Raleigh's trial began on 17 November in the converted [[Great hall|Great Hall]] of [[Winchester Castle]]. Raleigh conducted his own defence. The chief evidence against him was the signed and sworn confession of his friend [[Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham]]. Raleigh repeatedly requested that Cobham be called to testify. "[Let] my acuser come face to face, and be deposed. Were the case but for a small [[copyhold]], you would have witnesses or good proof to lead the jury to a verdict; and I am here for my life!" Raleigh argued that the evidence against him was "[[hearsay]]", but the tribunal refused to allow Cobham to testify and be [[cross-examination|cross-examined]].<ref name=crimtrial/><ref name=uark.edu/> Raleigh's trial has been regularly cited as influential in establishing a [[common law]] right to confront accusers in court.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Penny J. |title=Rescuing the Confrontation Clause |journal=South Carolina Law Review |date=Spring 2003 |volume=54 |issue=3 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/347466289.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023844/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/347466289.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=Hadley |title=Virtually Face-to-Face: The Confrontation Clause and the Use of Two-Way Video Testimony |journal=Roger Williams University Law Review |date=Spring 2008 |volume=13 |issue=2 |url=https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1393&context=rwu_LR |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1393&context=rwu_LR |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jonakait |first1=Randolph N. |title=The Origins of the Confrontation Clause: An Alternative History |journal=[[Rutgers Law Journal]] |date=Autumn 1995 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=77–168 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230508635.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230508635.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shaviro |first1=Daniel N. |title=The Confrontation Clause Today in Light of its Common Law Background |journal=Valparaiso University Law Review |date=1991 |volume=26 |pages=337–366 |url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2140&context=vulr |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2140&context=vulr |url-status=live }}</ref> Raleigh was convicted, but King James spared his life.{{sfn|Rowse|1962|p=241}}
While imprisoned in the Tower, Raleigh wrote his incomplete ''[[The History of the World (Raleigh)|The History of the World]]''.{{sfn|Raleigh|1677|p=}} Using a wide array of sources in six languages, Raleigh was fully abreast of the latest continental scholarship. He wrote not about England, but of the ancient world with a heavy emphasis on geography. Despite his intention of providing current advice to the King of England, King James I complained that it was "too sawcie in censuring Princes".{{sfn|Popper|2012|p=18}}{{sfn|Racin|1974|p=}} Raleigh remained imprisoned in the Tower until 1616.{{sfn|Wallace|1959|p=256}} His son, Carew, was conceived and born (in 1604 or 1605) while Raleigh was imprisoned in the Tower.{{sfn|Wallace|1959|p=228}}
==Second voyage to Guiana==
[[File:Royal Pardon of Walter Raleigh.jpg|thumb|James I's royal warrant pardoning Raleigh in 1617]]
In 1617, Raleigh was pardoned by the King and granted permission to conduct a second expedition to Venezuela in search of El Dorado. During the expedition, a detachment of Raleigh's men under the command of his long-time friend [[Lawrence Kemys]] attacked the Spanish outpost of [[Santo Tomé de Guayana]] on the [[Orinoco]] river, in violation of peace treaties with Spain and against Raleigh's orders. A condition of Raleigh's pardon was avoidance of any hostility against Spanish colonies or shipping. In the initial attack on the settlement, Raleigh's son, Walter, was fatally shot. Kemys informed Raleigh of his son's death and begged for forgiveness, but did not receive it, and at once committed suicide. On Raleigh's return to England, an outraged [[Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar|Count Gondomar]], the Spanish ambassador, demanded that Raleigh's death sentence be reinstated by King James, who had little choice but to do so. Raleigh was brought to London from [[Plymouth]] by Sir [[Lewis Stukley]], where he passed up numerous opportunities to make an effective escape.{{sfn|Wolffe|2004}}{{sfn|Laughton|1898}}
==Execution and aftermath==
[[File:Execution of Sir Walter Raleigh.jpg|thumb|left|Raleigh just before he was beheaded – an illustration from ''circa'' 1860]]
Raleigh was beheaded in the [[Old Palace Yard]] at the [[Palace of Westminster]] on 29 October 1618. "Let us dispatch", he said to his executioner. "At this hour my [[Fever|ague]] comes upon me. I would not have my enemies think I quaked from fear." After he was allowed to see the axe that would be used to behead him, he mused: "This is a sharp Medicine, but it is a Physician for all diseases and miseries." According to biographers, Raleigh's last words, spoken to the hesitating executioner, were: "What dost thou fear? Strike, man, strike!"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Malcolm |title=They Went That-a-way |date=1988 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-671-65709-7 |page=250}}</ref>{{sfn|Trevelyan|2002|p=552}}
[[Thomas Hariot]] may have introduced him to [[tobacco]].{{Sfn|Ley|1965|p=88}} Having been one of the people to popularise tobacco smoking in England, he left a small [[tobacco pouch]], found in his cell shortly after his execution. Engraved upon the pouch was a [[Latin]] inscription: ''Comes meus fuit in illo miserrimo tempore'' ("It was my companion at that most miserable time").{{sfn|Borio|2007}}<ref name=wallacecollection.org/>
Raleigh's head was embalmed and presented to his wife. His body was to be buried in the local church in [[Beddington]], [[Surrey]], the home of Lady Raleigh, but was finally laid to rest in [[St. Margaret's, Westminster]], where his tomb is presently located.{{sfn|Williams|1988|p=}} "The Lords", she wrote, "have given me his dead body, though they have denied me his life. God hold me in my wits."{{sfn|Durant|Durant|1961|p=158|loc=Chap. VI}} It has been said that Lady Raleigh kept her husband's head in a velvet bag until her death.{{sfn|Brushfield|1896|p=}} After Raleigh's wife's death 29 years later, his head was removed to his tomb and interred at St. Margaret's Church.{{sfn|Lloyd|Mitchinson|2006|p=}} Although Raleigh's popularity had waned considerably since his Elizabethan heyday, his execution was seen by many, both at the time and since, as unnecessary and unjust, as for many years his involvement in the Main Plot seemed to have been limited to a meeting with [[Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham|Lord Cobham]].{{sfn|Christenson|1991|pp=385–387}} One of the judges at his trial later said: "The justice of England has never been so degraded and injured as by the condemnation of the honourable Sir Walter Raleigh."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://federalevidence.com/pdf/2007/13-SCt/Crawford_v._Washington.pdf|title=Crawford v. Washington|page=44|access-date=25 April 2017|archive-date=10 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710234318/http://federalevidence.com/pdf/2007/13-SCt/Crawford_v._Washington.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{-}}
==Works==
*{{cite book|last=Raleigh|first=Sir Walter |title=The Historie of the World. In five bookes (first ed. 1614) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U5BmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA16|year=1677|publisher=R. White, T. Basset|display-authors=0}}
*{{cite book|first=Sir Walter |last=Raleigh|title=The Discovery of Guiana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4MMAAAAIAAJ|year=1848|publisher=Hakluyt Society|display-authors=0}}
==Poetry==
[[File:Raleigh OfFardell Arms.svg|thumb|180px|Arms of Sir Walter Raleigh: ''Gules, five fusils conjoined in bend argent''<ref>[[William Pole (antiquary)|Pole, Sir William]] (d.1635), Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, [[Sir John de la Pole, 6th Baronet|Sir John-William de la Pole]] (ed.), London, 1791, p. 499</ref>]]
Raleigh's poetry is written in the relatively straightforward, unornamented mode known as the plain style. [[C. S. Lewis]] considered Raleigh one of the era's "silver poets", a group of writers who resisted the [[Italian Renaissance]] influence of dense classical reference and elaborate poetic devices. His writing contains strong personal treatments of themes such as love, loss, beauty, and time. Most of his poems are short lyrics that were inspired by actual events.{{sfn|Black et al.|2011|p=724}}
In poems such as "What is Our Life" and "[[The Lie (poem)|The Lie]]", Raleigh expresses a ''[[contemptus mundi]]'' (contempt of the world) attitude more characteristic of the [[Middle Ages]] than of the dawning era of humanistic optimism. But his lesser-known long poem "The Ocean's Love to Cynthia" combines this vein with the more elaborate conceits associated with his contemporaries [[Edmund Spenser]] and [[John Donne]], expressing a melancholy sense of history. The poem was written during his imprisonment in the Tower of London.{{sfn|Black et al.|2011|p=724}}
Raleigh wrote a poetic response to [[Christopher Marlowe]]'s "[[The Passionate Shepherd to His Love]]" of 1592, entitled "[[The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd]]". Both were written in the style of traditional [[pastoral poetry]] and follow the structure of six four-line stanzas employing a [[rhyme scheme]] of [[Clerihew|AABB]], with Raleigh's an almost line-for-line refutation of Marlowe's sentiments.<ref name="latech">{{cite web |url=http://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/201/marlowe/shepherd_%26_notes.htm |title=Notes for ''The Passionate Shepherd to His Love'' |publisher=Dr. Bruce Magee, [[Louisiana Tech University]] |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623164203/http://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/201/marlowe/shepherd_%26_notes.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Years later, the 20th-century poet [[William Carlos Williams]] would join the poetic "argument" with his "[[Raleigh Was Right]]".
===List of poems===
All finished, and some unfinished, poems written by Raleigh or plausibly attributed to him:{{efn|''As ye came from the holy land'' is often attributed to Raleigh, but, in the words of {{harvnb|Bullett|1947|p=280}}, "it certainly existed before Ralegh arrived on the scene; Ralegh's connexion with it is largely a matter of conjecture"}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* "The Advice"
* "Another of the Same"
* "Conceit begotten by the Eyes"
* "Epitaph on Sir Philip Sidney"
* "Epitaph on the Earl of Leicester"
* "Even such is Time"
* "The Excuse"
* "False Love"
* "Farewell to the Court"
* "His Petition to Queen Anne of Denmark"
* "If Cynthia be a Queen"
* "In Commendation of George Gascoigne's Steel Glass"
* "[[The Lie (poem)|The Lie]]"
* "Like Hermit Poor"
* "Lines from Catullus"
* "Love and Time"
* "My Body in the Walls captive"
* "[[The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd]]"
* "Of Spenser's Faery Queen"
* "On the Snuff of a Candle"
* "The Ocean's Love to Cynthia"
* "A Poem entreating of Sorrow"
* "A Poem put into my Lady Laiton's Pocket"
* "The Pilgrimage"
* "A Prognistication upon Cards and Dice"
* "The Shepherd's Praise of Diana"
* "Sweet Unsure"
* "To His Mistress"
* "To the Translator of Lucan's Pharsalia"
* "What is Our Life?"
* "The Wood, the Weed, the Wag"
{{div col end}}
===Writing Shakespeare===
{{see_also|List of Shakespeare authorship candidates|Shakespeare authorship question}}
In 1845, Shakespeare scholar [[Delia Bacon]] first proposed that a group of authors had actually written the plays later attributed to [[William Shakespeare]], the main writer being Walter Raleigh.{{sfn|Farrand|2013}}{{sfn|Hechinger|2011}} Later, George S. Caldwell asserted that Raleigh was actually the sole author.{{sfn|Wallechinsky|Wallace|1981}} These claims have been supported by other scholars throughout subsequent years, including [[Albert J. Beveridge]] and [[Henry Pemberton]], but are rejected by the majority of Shakespearean scholars today.{{efn|{{Harvnb|Kathman|2003|p=621}}: "...antiStratfordism has remained a fringe belief system"; {{Harvnb|Schoenbaum|1991|p=450}}; {{Harvnb|Paster|1999|p=38}}: "To ask me about the authorship question ... is like asking a palaeontologist to debate a creationist's account of the fossil record."; {{Harvnb|Nelson|2004|pp=149–151}}: "I do not know of a single professor of the 1,300-member Shakespeare Association of America who questions the identity of Shakespeare ... antagonism to the authorship debate from within the profession is so great that it would be as difficult for a professed Oxfordian to be hired in the first place, much less gain tenure..."; {{Harvnb|Carroll|2004|pp=278–279}}: "I have never met anyone in an academic position like mine, in the Establishment, who entertained the slightest doubt as to Shakespeare's authorship of the general body of plays attributed to him."; {{Harvnb|Pendleton|1994|p=21}}: "Shakespeareans sometimes take the position that to even engage the Oxfordian hypothesis is to give it a countenance it does not warrant."; {{Harvnb|Sutherland|Watts|2000|p=7}}: "There is, it should be noted, no academic Shakespearian of any standing who goes along with the Oxfordian theory."; {{Harvnb|Gibson|2005|p=30}}: "...most of the great Shakespearean scholars are to be found in the Stratfordian camp..."}}
==Legacy==
{{See also|Walter Raleigh in popular culture}}
[[File:Walter Raleigh Statue.JPG|thumb|upright|Statue of Sir Walter Raleigh at [[Raleigh Convention Center]]]]
[[File:Roanoke_half_dollar_obverse.png|thumb|200 px|The commemorative [[Roanoke Island, North Carolina, half dollar|Roanoke Island half dollar]], issued by the US in 1937, bears Walter Raleigh's portrait]]
In 2002, Raleigh was featured in the BBC poll of the [[100 Greatest Britons]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204214727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/|archive-date=4 December 2002|title=BBC – Great Britons – Top 100|work=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>
A [[galliard]] was composed in honour of Raleigh by either [[Francis Cutting]] or [[Richard Allison (composer)|Richard Allison]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mathew Holmes lute books: Sir Walter Raleigh's galliard|url=http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-DD-00002-00011/154|publisher=Cambridge Digital Library|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213015413/http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-DD-00002-00011/154|url-status=live}}</ref>
The state capital of [[North Carolina]], its second-largest city, was named [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]] in 1792, after Sir Walter, sponsor of the [[Roanoke Colony]]. In the city, a bronze statue, which has been moved around different locations within the city, was cast in honour of the city's namesake. The "Lost Colony" is commemorated at the [[Fort Raleigh National Historic Site]] on [[Roanoke Island]], North Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelostcolony.org/|title=The Lost Colony – #1 OBX Attraction|website=The Lost Colony|access-date=26 April 2019|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426125758/https://www.thelostcolony.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Raleigh County, West Virginia]], is named after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/counties/raleigh.html|title=Raleigh County history sources|publisher=West Virginia Division of Culture and History|access-date=30 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205903/http://www.wvculture.org/history/counties/raleigh.html|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>
[[Mount Raleigh]] in the [[Pacific Ranges]] of the [[Coast Mountains]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada, was named for him,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140519202950/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/23259.html "Mount Raleigh"]. BCNames/GeoBC</ref> with related features the Raleigh Glacier<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140519202950/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/23256.html "Raleigh Glacier"]. BC Names/GeoBC</ref> and Raleigh Creek<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140519192618/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/23257.html "Raleigh Creek"]. BC Names/GeoBC</ref> named in association with the mountain. [[Mount Gilbert (British Columbia)|Mount Gilbert]], just to Mount Raleigh's south, was named for his half-brother, Sir Humphrey.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140519192618/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/6119.html "Mount Gilbert"]. BC Names/GeoBC</ref>
Raleigh has been widely speculated to be responsible for introducing the [[potato]] to Europe, and was a key figure in bringing it to Ireland. However, modern historians dispute this claim, suggesting it would have been impossible for Raleigh to have discovered the potato in the places he visited.{{sfn|Salaman|Burton|1985|p=148}}
Due to Raleigh's role in the popularisation of [[smoking]], [[John Lennon]] humorously referred to him as "such a stupid [[Git (slang)|git]]"<!--"git" is correct, as Liverpudlian - see Talk#Raleigh in pop culture--> in the song "[[I'm So Tired]]" on the "White Album" ''[[The Beatles (album)|The Beatles]]'' (1968).<ref>[http://www.thebeatles.com/song/im-so-tired ''The Beatles'' (''The White Album'') "I'm So Tired" website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033759/https://www.thebeatles.com/song/im-so-tired |date=24 September 2018 }}. Retrieved 11 December 2014</ref>
Various colourful stories are told about him, such as laying his cloak over a puddle for the Queen, but they are probably apocryphal.<ref name="Fragmenta">[[Robert Naunton|Naunton, Robert]] ''Fragmenta Regalia'' 1694, reprinted 1824.
</ref>{{sfn|Fuller|1684|p=749}}<ref>[http://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/10-historical-misconceptions9.htm 10 Historical Misconceptions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112300/http://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/10-historical-misconceptions9.htm |date=28 January 2015 }}, [[HowStuffWorks]]</ref> The story of Raleigh's trial is included in [[John George Phillimore]]'s 1850 book ''The History and Principles of Evidence'', and his commentary on the story is included in many law school textbooks on evidence in [[common law]] countries.
In January 2014, the Raleigh Rum Company was founded in Raleigh, North Carolina.
The author [[George Garrett (poet)|George Garrett]]'s historical fiction novel ''[[Death of the Fox]]'' explores Raleigh's relationships with Elizabeth I and her successor James I.
==Raleigh's descendants==
[[File:Statue of Walter Raleigh, Greenwich (II).jpg|thumb|right|A statue of Raleigh in [[Greenwich]], southeast London]]
Many people claim descent from Sir Walter Raleigh, but nearly all have no basis in fact. The only authentic lines of descent are as follows:
Raleigh's only surviving child, Carew Raleigh, had three surviving children—Walter (d. 1660), Anne (d. 1708) and Philip (d. 1705).
The elder son, Walter Raleigh, was knighted in June 1660, but died two months later. He was buried at West Horsley. He left three surviving children{{snd}}Elizabeth, Philippa and Anne. Philippa (who married Oliver Weekes, of Tortingdon, Sussex) and Anne (who married William Knight, of Barrells, Warwickshire) left descendants. It was Philippa Weekes' daughter, Elizabeth Elwes, who seems to have owned the main store of Raleigh memorabilia and was consulted by William Oldys in 1735 when he was writing his ''Life of Raleigh'' <ref> ''The History of the World'' by Sir Walter Ralegh Kt.... by Mr Oldys... London, 1706</ref>
Anne Raleigh married Sir Peter Tyrrell, Bt. of Castlethorpe, Bucks. Their son Thomas Tyrrell, 2nd Bt. left two daughters – Christobella, who married as her third husband, [[Viscount Saye and Sele|Richard Fiennes, 6th Viscount Saye & Sele]], but died without surviving issue in 1789. The younger daughter, Harriet, married Francis Mann, of Kidlington, Oxfordshire, and died in 1785, having had a daughter, Harriet, who married Capt. Joseph Mead and died in 1784, leaving issue. <ref> Her son was Rev Francis Mead, rector of Candlebury, Lincs. His great aunt, Lady Saye and Sele, left him £2000 and all her plate in her will. </ref>
Philip Raleigh championed his grandfather's cause, publishing several of his hitherto unpublished papers. He had a family of four sons and three daughters. The youngest son, Carew Raleigh, page of honour to William III, was serving as a captain's servant on {{HMS|Bredah}} when he died of fever in the West Indies in 1697, aged seventeen. The second son, Lieut. Brudenell Raleigh, was also serving in the navy in the West Indies when he died of fever in June 1698, aged 22. The eldest son, Captain Walter Raleigh, Grenadier Guards, was page of honour to Queen Mary, and was killed at the siege of Schellenberg in 1704, aged 31. He was unmarried. After Walter's death, his father was granted a pension by the crown, 'in consideration of his 3 sons being slain in the late and present war'. <ref>'Minute Book: June 1706', in Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 20, 1705–1706, ed. William A Shaw (London, 1952), pp. 79–86. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol20/pp.79-86{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [accessed 29 March 2019].</ref> The third son, Captain-Lieutenant Grenville Raleigh, served in the [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]]'s army throughout the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] and died of fever in 1717, while guarding the prisoners at Chester after the 1715 [[Jacobite rising]]. He had married and had two sons and a daughter, Mary. On the death of his daughter in Bath in 1783, it was noted that she was 'the only surviving descendant in the direct line of Sir Walter Raleigh'. <ref> The Bath Chronicle, November 1783. Her will, signed on 5 April 1781, makes no mention of any Raleigh relatives. </ref>
Of Philip Raleigh's daughters, Anne and Elizabeth both died unmarried. <ref> Anne was unmarried when William Oldys published his life of Raleigh in 1736, when she would have been in her 60s. She died in 1743. There is a memorial to Elizabeth Raleigh in the church at Cheriton, Kent – her sister, Frances Honywood, lived at nearby Enbrook Manor. Elizabeth died in 1716, aged 42. </ref> The eldest daughter, Frances, married William Honywood, eldest son of [[Sir William Honywood, 2nd Baronet|Sir William Honywood]], of Evington Place, Elmsted, Kent and died in 1730. Her many descendants include the present [[Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] and the actor [[Hugh Grant]].{{sfn|King|2019|p=}}
==See also==
* [[List of colonial governors of Virginia]]
* [[Sir Walter]], a race horse
* [[The Armada Service]]
==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn| name=pronunciation|Many alternative spellings of his surname exist, including ''Rawley'', ''Ralegh'', ''Ralagh'' and ''Rawleigh''. "Raleigh" appears most commonly today, but he is known to have used that spelling only once. His most consistent preference was for "Ralegh". His full name is {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɔː|l|t|ər|_|ˈ|r|ɔː|l|i}}, but in practice, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|æ|l|i}} {{Respell|RAL|ee}} and even {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|l|i}} {{Respell|RAH|lee}} are the usual modern pronunciations in England.}}
}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=si.edu>{{Cite web |url=http://www.serc.si.edu/education/resources/watershed/stories/roanoke.aspx |title=The lost colony of Roanoke Island |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101082546/http://www.serc.si.edu/education/resources/watershed/stories/roanoke.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2015 |url-status=dead |website=The Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>
<ref name=thelostworld.org>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelostworld.org/characters/Character.htm |title=Walter Raleigh – Delusions of Guiana |website=The Lost World: The Gran Sabana, Canaima National Park and Angel Falls – Venezuela |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=9 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209070538/http://www.thelostworld.org/characters/Character.htm}}</ref>
<ref name=yale.edu>{{cite web|title=Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh: 1584|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/raleigh.asp|website=The Avalon Project|publisher=Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=23 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123233745/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/raleigh.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Midddle Temple">{{citation|title=Register of Admissions to the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple|volume= I|page=39}}</ref>
<ref name="Walter Raleigh Biography">{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/walter-raleigh-9450901 |title=Walter Raleigh Biography |website=The Biography Channel |access-date=12 March 2014 |archive-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313145636/http://www.biography.com/people/walter-raleigh-9450901 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=crimtrial>1 Criminal Trials 400, 400–511, 1850.</ref>
<ref name=uark.edu>{{cite web|title=Note on the trial under commission of Oyer and Terminer with a jury, at a court of assizes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609194849/http://law.uark.edu/documents/Bailey_BE_Trial_of_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.pdf|url=http://law.uark.edu/documents/Bailey_BE_Trial_of_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.pdf|archive-date=9 June 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=wallacecollection.org>{{cite web|title=Sir Walter Raleigh's tobacco pouch|url=http://wallacelive.wallacecollection.org/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=64809&viewType=detailView|publisher=Wallace Collection|access-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109092652/https://wallacelive.wallacecollection.org/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=64809&viewType=detailView|archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>
}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*{{Cite web |title=Woodbury Common – Hayes Barton |last=Batten |first=Jim |work=britishexplorers.com |date=16 August 2020 |access-date=6 September 2020 |url=http://www.britishexplorers.com/woodbury/hayesba.html |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805014854/http://www.britishexplorers.com/woodbury/hayesba.html |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book|editor1-first=Joseph|editor1-last=Black|title=The Broadview Anthology of British Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBkw3d6adu4C&pg=PA724|edition=2nd|volume=A|year=2011|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=978-1-77048-086-5|display-editors=et al|ref={{sfnref|Black et al.|2011}}}}
*{{cite web |first=Gene |last=Borio |url=http://www.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History17.html |title=Tobacco Timeline: The Seventeenth Century – The Great Age of the Pipe |publisher=Tobacco.org |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109093130/http://archive.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History17.html |archive-date=9 November 2012 |date=2007 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Bremer|first1=Francis J.|last2=Webster|first2=Tom|title=Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzvHvEDPosQC&pg=PA454|year=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-678-1}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/raleghana08brus|title=Raleghana|last=Brushfield|first=Thomas Nadauld|author-link=Thomas Nadauld Brushfield|volume=8|year=1896|location=Plymouth|publisher=Devonshire Association}}
*{{cite book|last=Bullett|first=Gerald|author-link=Gerald Bullett|title=Silver Poets of the 16th Century|series=[[Everyman's Library]]|volume=1985|year=1947|publisher=Dent|location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |title = Reading the 1592 Groatsworth Attack on Shakespeare |last = Carroll|first = D. Allen |journal = Tennessee Law Review |publisher = Tennessee Law Review Association |year = 2004 |volume = 72 |issue = 1|pages = 277–94 |issn = 0040-3288}}
*{{cite book|last1=Cherry|first1=Bridget|author-link1=Bridget Cherry|last2=Pevsner|first2=Nikolaus|author-link2=Nikolaus Pevsner|title=The Buildings of England: Devon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wd_Pw4L3zcC|year=2004|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-300-09596-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Christenson|first=Ron|title=Political Trials in History: From Antiquity to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKBDAQAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Transaction|isbn=978-0-88738-406-6}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Archaeologia|page=151|publisher=The Society of Antiquaries of London|date=1852|volume=34|issue=2|title=Additional Information respecting the Life and Services of Sir Walter Raleigh|first=John Payne|last=Collier|doi=10.1017/S026134090000103X|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1812965|access-date=28 September 2020|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804003353/https://zenodo.org/record/1812965|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last=Edwards|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Edwards (librarian)|title=The Life of Sir Walter Ralegh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jaRRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA26|volume=1|year=1868|publisher=Macmillan & Company}}
*{{cite book|last1=Durant|first1= Will |last2=Durant|first2= Ariel |date=1961|title=The Story of Civilization|title-link=The Story of Civilization|volume=VII|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1567310238}}
*{{cite book|last=Fairholt|first=Frederick William|date=1859|url=https://archive.org/details/tobaccoitshistor00fair|title=Tobacco, Its History and Associations|location=London|publisher=Chapman and Hall}}
*{{cite book|last=Fuller|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Fuller|title=Anglorum Speculum: Or The Worthies of England, in Church and State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvYm-o5Gw_UC&pg=749|year=1684|publisher=J. Wright}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://fewbetween.blogspot.com/2013/01/walter-raleigh-wrote-shakespeare.html|title=Far and few between: Walter Raleigh Wrote Shakespeare?|first=Michael J.|last=Farrand|date=26 January 2013|access-date=20 December 2018|archive-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220231004/http://fewbetween.blogspot.com/2013/01/walter-raleigh-wrote-shakespeare.html|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |title = The Shakespeare Claimants |series = Routledge Library Editions – Shakespeare |last = Gibson |first = H. N. |publisher = Routledge |year = 2005 |orig-year = 1962 |isbn = 978-0-415-35290-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W7HEMEsGiVUC |access-date = 20 December 2010 }}
*{{cite book|last=Hakluyt|first=Richard|editor=Irwin R. Blacker|title=Hakluyt's Voyages: The Principle Navigations Voyages Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6gnAQAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Viking Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-670-01067-7}}
*{{Cite web |title=Did Shakespeare Really Write His Plays? A Few Theories Examined |last=Hechinger |first=Paul |work=BBC America |date=October 2011 |access-date=6 September 2020 |url=https://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2011/10/did-shakespeare-really-write-his-plays-a-few-theories-examined/2 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807035831/https://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2011/10/did-shakespeare-really-write-his-plays-a-few-theories-examined/2 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |chapter = The Question of Authorship |title = Shakespeare: an Oxford Guide |series = Oxford Guides |editor1-last = Wells |editor1-first = Stanley |editor2-last = Orlin |editor2-first = Lena Cowen |last = Kathman |first = David |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2003 |pages = 620–632 |isbn = 978-0-19-924522-2}}
*{{cite book|first=Walter Raleigh |last=King |date=2019|title=Sunk Down among the People: The Story of the Descendants of Sir Walter Raleigh|publisher=Kindle Direct Publishing |asin=B081SKM5HD}}
*{{cite DNB|last1=Laughton|first1= John Knox |last2=Lee|first2=Sidney|volume=47|wstitle=Ralegh, Walter (1552?–1618)}}
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Stucley, Lewis|volume=55|first=John Knox|last=Laughton}}
*{{Cite magazine|last=Ley|first=Willy|date=December 1965|title=The Healthfull Aromatick Herbe|department=For Your Information|magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction|url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?659721|editor=Frederik Pohl|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527215403/http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?659721|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author1-link=John Lloyd (producer)|last1=Lloyd |first1=J.|author2-link=John Mitchinson (researcher)|last2=Mitchinson|first2= J.|date=2006|title=[[The Book of General Ignorance]] |publisher=Faber and Faber|isbn=0-307-39491-3}}
*{{cite book|last1=May|first1=Steven W.|title=Sir Walter Ralegh|date=1989|publisher=Twayne|location=Boston, MA|isbn=9780805769838}} Raleigh as a writer and poet.
* {{cite ODNB|id=23039|title=Ralegh, Sir Walter (1554–1618)|last=Nicholls|first=Mark|last2=Williams|first2= Penry |date=17 September 2004}}
* {{Cite journal |title = Stratford Si! Essex No! |last = Nelson |first = Alan H. |year = 2004 |journal = Tennessee Law Review |publisher = Tennessee Law Review Association |volume = 72 |issue = 1 |pages = 149–169 |issn = 0040-3288}}
*{{cite book|last1=Nicholls|first1=Mark|last2=Williams|first2=Penry|title=Sir Walter Raleigh: In Life and Legend|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8TOqi0Dd4cC&pg=PA15|year=2011|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1209-5}}
* {{Cite magazine |title = The Sweet Swan |last = Paster |first = Gail Kern |magazine = [[Harper's Magazine]] |date = April 1999 |url = http://www.harpers.org/archive/1999/04/0060465 |access-date = 2 March 2011 |format = subscription required |pages = 38–41 |archive-date = 3 November 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111103140340/http://harpers.org/archive/1999/04/0060465 |url-status = live }}
* {{Cite journal |title = Irvin Matus's ''Shakespeare, In Fact'' |last = Pendleton |first = Thomas A. |journal = Shakespeare Newsletter |publisher = [[University of Illinois at Chicago]] |volume = 44 |issue = Summer |year = 1994 |pages = 21, 26–30 |issn = 0037-3214}}
*{{cite book|last=Popper|first=Nicholas|title=Walter Ralegh's "History of the World" and the Historical Culture of the Late Renaissance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYCk9b8SPA0C|year=2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-67502-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Quinn|first=David B.|title=Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584–1606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvA0Az4owikC|year=1985|publisher=UNC Press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=978-0-8078-4123-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Racin|first=John|title=Sir Walter Ralegh as Historian: An Analysis of The History of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWZExwEACAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Inst. f. Engl. Sprache u. Literatur, Univ. Salzburg}}
*{{cite book|last=Ronald|first=Susan|title=The Pirate Queen: Queen Elizabeth I, Her Pirate Adventurers, and the Dawn of Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3Ny_3Gp95kC|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-082066-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Rowse|first=Alfred Leslie|author-link=Alfred Leslie Rowse|title=Ralegh and the Throckmortons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lC8zQEACAAJ|year=1962|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=London|isbn=9787800419980}}
*{{cite book|last1=Salaman|first1=Redcliffe N.|last2=Burton|first2=William Glynn|title=The History and Social Influence of the Potato|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EV4YE_0RsywC&pg=PA148|year=1985|publisher=University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-31623-1}}
* {{Cite book |title = Shakespeare's Lives |last = Schoenbaum |first = S. |edition = 2nd |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 1991 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0zZc7VFGNtMC |isbn = 978-0-19-818618-2 }}
*{{cite book|last=St. John|first=James Augustus|author-link=James Augustus St. John|title=Life of Sir Walter Raleigh: 1552–1618|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTnSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA52|year=1869|publisher=Chapman & Hall|chapter=Perpetrates the Massacre of Del Oro}}
* {{Cite book |title = Henry V, War Criminal?: and Other Shakespeare Puzzles |last1 = Sutherland |first1 = John |author-link = John Sutherland (author) |last2 = Watts |first2 = Cedric T. |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-0-19-283879-7 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M_QGoTWMmMgC |access-date = 16 February 2011 }}
*{{cite book|last=Trevelyan|first=Raleigh|author-link=Raleigh Trevelyan|title=Sir Walter Raleigh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oBnAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9326-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Vivian|first=John Lambrick|author-link=John Lambrick Vivian|title=The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Herald's Visitations of 1531, 1564, & 1620|url=https://archive.org/details/VisitationOfTheCountyOfDevonInTheYear1620/|year=1895|publisher=H. S. Eland}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wallace|first=Willard Mosher |author-link=Willard M. Wallace|title=Sir Walter Raleigh|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1959|isbn=978-1-4008-7900-7|location=Princeton, N.J.|oclc=927442536}}
*{{Cite web |title=Who Really Wrote Shakespeare's Plays? Sir Walter Raleigh ? |last1=Wallechinsky |first1=David |last2=Wallace |first2=Irving |work=trivia-library.com |date=1981 |access-date=6 September 2020 |url=https://www.trivia-library.com/b/who-really-wrote-shakespeare-plays-sir-walter-raleigh.htm |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126101739/https://www.trivia-library.com/b/who-really-wrote-shakespeare-plays-sir-walter-raleigh.htm |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Norman Lloyd|date=1988|title=Sir Walter Raleigh|series=Cassell Biographies|url=https://archive.org/details/sirwalterraleigh00will|ol=24939443M|oclc=18325609|isbn=9780304322411}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Raleigh_Sir_Walter_ca_1552-1618|title=Sir Walter Raleigh (ca. 1552–1618)|last=Wolfe|first=Brendan|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Virginia|publisher=Virginia Humanities|access-date=1 March 2020|date=2018|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030101630/https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Raleigh_Sir_Walter_ca_1552-1618|url-status=live}}
*{{cite ODNB|id=26740|title=Stucley, Sir Lewis|first=Mary|last=Wolffe|date=23 September 2004}}
{{refend}}
===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* Adamson, J.H. and Folland, H. F. ''Shepherd of the Ocean'', 1969.
* Beer, Anna. ''Sir Walter Raleigh and his readers in the Seventeenth Century'' (Springer, 1997).
* Beer, Anna. ''Patriot or Traitor: The Life and Death of Sir Walter Ralegh'' (Oneworld, 2018).
* Bevan, Bryan. ''The Great Seamen of Elizabeth I'' (Robert Hale, 1971).
* Hiscock, Andrew. "Walter Ralegh and the Arts of Memory." ''Literature Compass'' 4.4 (2007): 1030–1058.
* Dwyer, Jack. ''Dorset Pioneers'' [[The History Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-7524-5346-0}}
* Gallay, Alan. ''Walter Ralegh: Architect of Empire'' (2019), a major scholarly biography [https://www.amazon.com/Walter-Ralegh-Architect-Alan-Gallay/dp/1541645790/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326210006/https://www.amazon.com/Walter-Ralegh-Architect-Alan-Gallay/dp/1541645790 |date=26 March 2024 }}
* Holmes, John. "The Guiana Projects: Imperial and Colonial Ideologies in Ralegh and Purchas." ''Literature & History'' 14.2 (2005): 1–13.
* Lawson-Peebles, Robert. "The many faces of Sir Walter Ralegh" ''History Today'' 48.3 (1998): 17+.
* [[C. S. Lewis|Lewis, C. S.]] ''English Literature in the Sixteenth Century Excluding Drama,'' (1954).
* Lyons, Mathew. ''The Favourite: Ralegh and His Queen'' (Hachette UK, 2011).
* Lyons, Mathew. "Cloaked in Mystery." ''History Today'' (2012) 62.7 pp 72–72
* Pemberton, Henry (Author); Carroll Smyth (Editor), Susan L. Pemberton (Contributor) ''Shakespeare And Sir Walter Raleigh: Including Also Several Essays Previously Published In The New Shakspeareana'', Kessinger Publishing, LLC; 264 pages, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0548312483}}
* Ralegh, Sir Walter, and Michael Rudick. "The Poems of Sir Walter Ralegh: A Historical Edition." (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies/Renaissance English Text Society, 1999).
* [[William Stebbing|Stebbing, William]]: ''Sir Walter Ralegh'' Oxford, 1899 [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25029 Project Gutenberg eText] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007202012/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25029 |date=7 October 2019 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Tytler|first=Patrick Fraser|author-link=Patrick Fraser Tytler|year=1848|title=Life of Sir Walter Raleigh, Founded on Authentic and Original Documents|publisher=T. Nelson and Sons|publication-date=1853|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/lifesirwalterra02tytlgoog|access-date=17 August 2008}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
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* The Sir Walter Raleigh Collection in Wilson Library at the [[University of North Carolina]] at [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]]
* [http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/raleigh.htm Sir Walter Raleigh's Grave]
* [http://www.britannia.com/bios/raleigh/index.html Biography of Sir Walter Raleigh at Britannia.com]
* [http://www.nps.gov/fora/sirwalter.htm Sir Walter Raleigh at the Fort Raleigh website]
* [http://www.giga-usa.com/gigaweb1/quotes2/quautraleigh1walterx001.htm Quotes attributed to Sir Walter Raleigh]
* [http://www.awesomestories.com/flicks/elizabeth-I/the-death-of-raleigh Story of Raleigh's last years and his beheading]
* [http://www.presscom.co.uk/leepriory/leeraleigh.html Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh, plus commentary]
* [http://the-lost-colony.blogspot.com Searching for the Lost Colony Blog]
* [http://www.csuchico.edu/engl/texts/ralegh.pdf Robert Viking O'Brien & Stephen Kent O'Brien, ''Discovery of Guiana'' essay, ''Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527234339/http://www.csuchico.edu/engl/texts/ralegh.pdf |date=27 May 2008 }}
* [http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/ralegh.htm Sir Walter Raleigh portal] at luminarium.org
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Raleigh,+Walter }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Walter Raleigh}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1155}}
* [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012476035 ''The History of the World''] at [[Hathi Trust]]
<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please follow the [[WP:EL]] guideline where possible and consider discussing on the talk page. Thank you. -->
{{Navboxes
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{{S-start}}
{{S-court}}
{{S-bef| before=[[Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford|The Earl of Bedford]]}}
{{S-ttl | title=[[Lord Warden of the Stannaries]] | years=1584–1603}}
{{S-aft| rows= | after=[[William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke|The Earl of Pembroke]]}}
{{S-hon}}
{{S-bef| before=[[Francis Godolphin (1540–1608)|Sir Francis Godolphin]]<br />[[William Mohun|Sir William Mohun]]<br />[[Peter Edgcumbe]]<br />[[Richard Carew (antiquary)|Richard Carew]]}}
{{S-ttl | title=[[Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall]] | years=1587–1603}}
{{S-aft| rows= | after=[[William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke|The Earl of Pembroke]]}}
{{S-gov}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Sir Edward Seymour, 1st Baronet|Edward Seymour]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Vice-Admiral of Devon]]|years=1585–1603}}
{{S-aft|after=[[William Bourchier, 3rd Earl of Bath|The Earl of Bath]] (North Devon) and<br />[[Richard Hawkins|Sir Richard Hawkins]] (South Devon)}}
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{{S-aft|after=[[Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie|Sir Thomas Erskine]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Matthew Arundell|Sir Matthew Arundell]]}}
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{{S-aft|after=[[Thomas Howard, 3rd Viscount Howard of Bindon|Viscount Howard of Bindon]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Anthony Paulet|Sir Anthony Paulet]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Jersey]]|years=1600–1603}}
{{S-aft|after=[[John Peyton (soldier)|Sir John Peyton]]}}
{{S-end}}
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{{Subject bar|portal1=Biography|portal2=England|portal3=North America|portal4=Poetry|portal5=Politics|portal6=South America|commons=y|commons-search=Category:Sir Walter Raleigh|q=y|q-search=Walter Raleigh|s=y|s-search=Author:Walter Raleigh (1554–1618)}}<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add "Portal:British Empire" or "Portal:United States" as it would be historically inaccurate. Thank you. -->
{{Sir Walter Raleigh}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raleigh, Walter}}
[[Category:Walter Raleigh| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:1550s births]]
[[Category:1618 deaths]]
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[[Category:English knights]]
[[Category:English male poets]]
[[Category:English MPs 1584–1585]]
[[Category:English MPs 1586–1587]]
[[Category:English MPs 1597–1598]]
[[Category:English MPs 1601]]
[[Category:English people of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)]]
[[Category:English politicians convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:English sailors]]
[[Category:Executed people from Devon]]
[[Category:Executed writers]]
[[Category:Explorers of South America]]
[[Category:Governors of Jersey]]
[[Category:Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Lord-Lieutenants of Cornwall]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Cornwall]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Devon]]
[[Category:People executed by Stuart England by decapitation]]
[[Category:People executed under the Stuarts for treason against England]]
[[Category:People from East Devon District]]
[[Category:People of Elizabethan Ireland]]
[[Category:People of the Elizabethan era]]
[[Category:People of the Roanoke Colony]]
[[Category:Prisoners in the Tower of London]]
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[[Category:People of the Second Desmond Rebellion]]
[[Category:Raleigh family|Walter]]
[[Category:People from Youghal]]' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English statesman, soldier, writer, and pioneer of New World colonization (1552–1618)</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Walter Raleigh, see <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Walter Raleigh (disambiguation)">Walter Raleigh (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Walter Raleigh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg/220px-Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg/330px-Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg/440px-Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2956" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Raleigh, 1588</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Government offices</th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">1584–1603</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Stannaries" title="Lord Warden of the Stannaries">Lord Warden of the Stannaries</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1585–1603</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vice-Admiral_of_Devon" title="Vice-Admiral of Devon">Vice-Admiral of Devon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1587–1603</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cornwall" title="Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall">Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1586–1592<br /> 1597–1603</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_of_the_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard">Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1598–1603</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Custos_Rotulorum_of_Dorset" title="Custos Rotulorum of Dorset">Custos Rotulorum of Dorset</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1600–1603</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Governor of Jersey</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Parliamentary offices</th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1584–1585<br /> 1586–1587</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (UK)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Devon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Devon (UK Parliament constituency)">Devonshire</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1597–1598</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (UK)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)">Dorset</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1601</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (UK)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)">Cornwall</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 22 January 1552</span> (or 1554)<br /><a href="/wiki/East_Budleigh" title="East Budleigh">East Budleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1618-10-29</span>)</span>29 October 1618 (aged approximately 66)<br /><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">Execution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheading</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Raleigh" title="Elizabeth Raleigh">Elizabeth Throckmorton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Damerei<br />Walter "Wat"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2018-1">[1]</a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Carew_Raleigh_(1605%E2%80%931666)" title="Carew Raleigh (1605–1666)">Carew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Walter_Raleigh_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walter Raleigh's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_Signature.svg/128px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_Signature.svg/192px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_Signature.svg/256px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="163" data-file-height="39" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"><b>Writing career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lie_(poem)" title="The Lie (poem)">The Lie</a></i></li><li><i>What is Our Life</i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Guiana" title="The Discovery of Guiana">The Discovery of Guiana</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_World_(Raleigh)" title="The History of the World (Raleigh)">The Historie of the World</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nymph%27s_Reply_to_the_Shepherd" title="The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd">The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Sir Walter Raleigh<sup id="cite_ref-pronunciation_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pronunciation-2">[a]</a></sup></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1552</span> – 29 October 1618) was an English statesman, soldier, writer and explorer. One of the most notable figures of the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a>, he played a leading part in <a href="/wiki/English_colonisation_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="English colonisation of North America">English colonisation of North America</a>, suppressed rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, helped defend <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> and held political positions under <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>.
</p><p>Raleigh was born to a <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> faith in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne. He was the younger half-brother of Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Humphrey Gilbert</a> and a cousin of Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenville" title="Richard Grenville">Richard Grenville</a>. Little is known of his early life, though in his late teens he spent some time in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> taking part in the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">religious civil wars</a>. In his 20s he took part in the suppression of rebellion in the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">colonisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>; he also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smerwick" title="Siege of Smerwick">siege of Smerwick</a>. Later, he became a landlord of property in Ireland and mayor of <a href="/wiki/Youghal" title="Youghal">Youghal</a> in east <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>, where his house still stands in <a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Grove,_Youghal" title="Myrtle Grove, Youghal">Myrtle Grove</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup> He rose rapidly in the favour of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> and was knighted in 1585. He was granted a <a href="/wiki/Royal_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal patent">royal patent</a> to explore <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a>, paving the way for future English settlements. In 1591, he secretly married <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Throckmorton" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Throckmorton">Elizabeth Throckmorton</a>, one of the Queen's <a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">ladies-in-waiting</a>, without the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. After his release, they retired to his estate at <a href="/wiki/Sherborne" title="Sherborne">Sherborne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>.
</p><p>In 1594, Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of "<a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a>". After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh was again imprisoned in the Tower, this time for being involved in the <a href="/wiki/Main_Plot" title="Main Plot">Main Plot</a> against <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James I</a>, who was not favourably disposed towards him. In 1616, he was released to lead a second expedition in search of El Dorado. During the expedition, men led by his top commander ransacked a Spanish outpost, in violation of both the terms of his pardon and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1604)" title="Treaty of London (1604)">1604 peace treaty with Spain</a>. Raleigh returned to England and, to appease the Spanish, he was arrested and executed in 1618.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ireland"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Ireland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#New_World"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">New World</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#1580s"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">1580s</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#1590–1594"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">1590–1594</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#First_voyage_to_Guiana"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">First voyage to Guiana</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#1596–1603"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">1596–1603</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Trial_and_imprisonment"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Trial and imprisonment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Second_voyage_to_Guiana"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Second voyage to Guiana</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Execution_and_aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Execution and aftermath</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Poetry"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Poetry</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#List_of_poems"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">List of poems</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Writing_Shakespeare"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Writing Shakespeare</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Raleigh's_descendants"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Raleigh's descendants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">16.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">16.2</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">16.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">16.4</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg/220px-Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg/330px-Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg/440px-Millais_Boyhood_of_Raleigh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boyhood_of_Raleigh" title="The Boyhood of Raleigh">The Boyhood of Raleigh</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, 1871</figcaption></figure>
<p>Little is known about Sir Walter Raleigh's fart in the car birth<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724-4">[3]</a></sup> but he is believed to have been born on 22 January 1552 (or possibly 1554<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams2004-5">[4]</a></sup>). He grew up in the house of Hayes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartopeepeen_(demesne)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartopeepeen (demesne) (page does not exist)">Barton</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatten2020_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatten2020-6">[5]</a></sup> (in the parish of <a href="/wiki/East_Budleigh" title="East Budleigh">East Budleigh</a>), in East <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>. He was the youngest of the five sons of Walter Raleigh (1510–1581) (or Rawleigh) of <a href="/wiki/Fardel_Manor" title="Fardel Manor">Fardel Manor</a> (in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Cornwood" title="Cornwood">Cornwood</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherryPevsner2004288_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECherryPevsner2004288-7">[6]</a></sup> in South Devon. Raleigh's family PAPI is generally assumed to have been a junior branch of the Raleigh family, 11th-century lords of the <a href="/wiki/Manor_of_Raleigh,_Pilton" title="Manor of Raleigh, Pilton">manor of Raleigh, Pilton</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVivian1895638_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivian1895638-8">[7]</a></sup> in North Devon, although the two branches are known to have borne entirely dissimilar coats of arms,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a></sup> adopted at the start of the age of <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span>–1215).
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GilbertImpalingChampernowne_YardeHeraldicWindow_ChurstonFerrersChurch.xcf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GilbertImpalingChampernowne_YardeHeraldicWindow_ChurstonFerrersChurch.xcf/220px-GilbertImpalingChampernowne_YardeHeraldicWindow_ChurstonFerrersChurch.xcf.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GilbertImpalingChampernowne_YardeHeraldicWindow_ChurstonFerrersChurch.xcf/330px-GilbertImpalingChampernowne_YardeHeraldicWindow_ChurstonFerrersChurch.xcf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GilbertImpalingChampernowne_YardeHeraldicWindow_ChurstonFerrersChurch.xcf/440px-GilbertImpalingChampernowne_YardeHeraldicWindow_ChurstonFerrersChurch.xcf.png 2x" data-file-width="3432" data-file-height="3184" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Katherine Champernowne, mother of Sir Walter Raleigh, impaled by the arms of her first husband, Otes Gilbert. <a href="/wiki/Churston_Ferrers" title="Churston Ferrers">Churston Ferrers</a> Church</figcaption></figure>
<p>His mother was Katherine Champernowne, the third wife of Walter Raleigh senior. She was the fourth daughter of Sir Philip Champernowne (1479–1545), <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">lord of the manor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modbury" title="Modbury">Modbury</a>, Devon, by his wife Catherine Carew, a daughter of Sir Edmund Carew (d. 1513) of <a href="/wiki/Mohuns_Ottery" title="Mohuns Ottery">Mohuns Ottery</a> (in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Luppitt" title="Luppitt">Luppitt</a>), Devon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVivian1895639,_405,_162_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivian1895639,_405,_162-10">[8]</a></sup>. Katherine was the widow of Otes Gilbert (1513–1546/7) of <a href="/wiki/Greenway_Estate" title="Greenway Estate">Greenway</a> (in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Brixham" title="Brixham">Brixham</a>) and of <a href="/wiki/Compton_Castle" title="Compton Castle">Compton Castle</a> (in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Marldon" title="Marldon">Marldon</a>), both in Devon. (The coat of arms of Otes Gilbert and Katherine Champernowne survives in a stained glass window in <a href="/wiki/Churston_Ferrers" title="Churston Ferrers">Churston Ferrers</a> Church, near Greenway.)
</p><p>Katherine Champernowne's paternal aunt was <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Champernowne" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine Champernowne">Kat Ashley</a>, governess of Queen Elizabeth I, who introduced Raleigh and his brothers to the court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERonald2007249_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERonald2007249-11">[9]</a></sup> Raleigh's maternal uncle was Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Champernowne" title="Arthur Champernowne">Arthur Champernowne</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1524</span>–1578), a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheriff of Devon">Sheriff of Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice-Admiral_of_the_West" title="Vice-Admiral of the West">Admiral of the West</a>.
</p><p>Walter Raleigh junior's immediate family included his full brother <a href="/wiki/Carew_Raleigh" title="Carew Raleigh">Carew Raleigh</a>, and half-brothers John Gilbert, <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Humphrey Gilbert</a> and Adrian Gilbert. As a consequence of their kinship with the Champernowne family, all of the Raleigh and Gilbert brothers became prominent during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>.
</p><p>Raleigh's family was highly <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> in religious orientation and had a number of near escapes during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a>. In the most notable of these, his father had to hide in a tower to avoid execution. As a result, Raleigh developed a <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">hatred of Roman Catholicism</a> during his childhood, and proved himself quick to express it after Protestant Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558. In matters of religion, Elizabeth was more moderate than her half-sister Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremerWebster2006454_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremerWebster2006454-12">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1569, Raleigh went to France to serve with the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> in the French religious civil wars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724-4">[3]</a></sup> In 1572, Raleigh was registered as an undergraduate at <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a>, but he left in 1574 without a degree.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[11]</a></sup> Raleigh proceeded to finish his education in the <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724-4">[3]</a></sup> In 1575, he was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a>, having previously been a member of <a href="/wiki/Lyon%27s_Inn" title="Lyon's Inn">Lyon's Inn</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Chancery" title="Inns of Chancery">Inns of Chancery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Midddle_Temple_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midddle_Temple-14">[12]</a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var( --color-emphasized, #595959 ); border:1px solid #DDD;">At his trial in 1603, he stated that he had never studied law.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Much of his life is uncertain between 1569 and 1575, but in his <i>History of the World</i>, he claimed to have been an eyewitness at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moncontour" title="Battle of Moncontour">Battle of Moncontour</a> (3 October 1569) in France. In 1575 or 1576, Raleigh returned to England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards186826–33_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards186826–33-15">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1577 and again in 1579 Raleigh made voyages with his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Sir Humphrey Gilbert</a> in attempts to find a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[11]</a></sup> They failed to find a passage, but succeeded in raiding Spanish ships.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ireland">Ireland</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raleigh%27s_first_pipe_in_England.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Raleigh%27s_first_pipe_in_England.jpeg/220px-Raleigh%27s_first_pipe_in_England.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Raleigh%27s_first_pipe_in_England.jpeg/330px-Raleigh%27s_first_pipe_in_England.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Raleigh%27s_first_pipe_in_England.jpeg/440px-Raleigh%27s_first_pipe_in_England.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>"Raleigh's First Pipe in England", an illustration included in <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Fairholt" title="Frederick William Fairholt">Frederick William Fairholt</a>'s <i>Tobacco, its history and associations</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairholt1859_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairholt1859-16">[14]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p><i>See <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a></i>
</p><p>From 1579 to late 1580, Raleigh took part in the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a>. He was present at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smerwick" title="Siege of Smerwick">siege of Smerwick</a>, where he led the party that beheaded some 600 Spanish and Italian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._John186952–77_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John186952–77-17">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams201115_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams201115-18">[16]</a></sup> In September 1584, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a> had the land surveyed to be divided amongst her "Undertakers"(People she appointed to undertake supervision of colonization of the region) to colonize.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1585, Raleigh received 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) (approximately 0.2% of Ireland) in the <a href="/wiki/Munster_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Munster Plantation">Munster Plantation</a>, including the coastal walled town of <a href="/wiki/Youghal" title="Youghal">Youghal</a> and, further up the <a href="/wiki/Munster_Blackwater" title="Munster Blackwater">Blackwater River</a>, the village of <a href="/wiki/Lismore,_County_Waterford" title="Lismore, County Waterford">Lismore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>Raleigh made the town of <a href="/wiki/Youghal" title="Youghal">Youghal</a> in Ireland his occasional home during his 17 years as an Irish landlord, frequently being domiciled at <a href="/wiki/Killua_Castle" title="Killua Castle">Killua Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clonmellon" title="Clonmellon">Clonmellon</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Westmeath" title="County Westmeath">County Westmeath</a>. He was mayor there from 1588 to 1589.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[18]</a></sup> Raleigh encouraged veterans of the earlier attempts of the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a> settle in Ireland, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harriot" title="Thomas Harriot">Thomas Hariot</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a> from the 1585 trip. (He was the governor of the 1587 trip, but returned with the delivery ship to acquire additional supplies.) Raleigh is credited with introducing potatoes to England and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[11]</a></sup> Potatoes would in time have an outsized role in Irish farming and culture. A potato crop failure in the 1800s would lead to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>.
</p><p>Amongst Raleigh's acquaintances in Munster was another Englishman who had been granted land in the Irish colonies, poet <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[18]</a></sup> Raleigh's management of his Irish estates ran into difficulties which contributed to a decline in his fortunes. In 1602, he sold the lands to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_1st_Earl_of_Cork" title="Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork">Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork</a>, who subsequently prospered under kings <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughtonLee1896_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughtonLee1896-21">[19]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="New_World">New World</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New World"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Walter_Raleigh_by_Simon_van_de_Passe_(1617).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_by_Simon_van_de_Passe_%281617%29.jpg/220px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_by_Simon_van_de_Passe_%281617%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_by_Simon_van_de_Passe_%281617%29.jpg/330px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_by_Simon_van_de_Passe_%281617%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sir_Walter_Raleigh_by_Simon_van_de_Passe_%281617%29.jpg/440px-Sir_Walter_Raleigh_by_Simon_van_de_Passe_%281617%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3791" data-file-height="5915" /></a><figcaption>Engraved portrait of Raleigh</figcaption></figure>
<p>On March 25, 1584, Queen Elizabeth granted Raleigh <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">a royal charter</a> authorizing him to explore, colonise and rule any "remote, heathen and barbarous lands, countries and territories, not actually possessed of any Christian Prince or inhabited by Christian People", in return for one-fifth of all the gold and silver that might be mined there.<sup id="cite_ref-yale.edu_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale.edu-22">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[21]</a></sup> This charter specified that Raleigh had seven years in which to establish a settlement, or else lose his right to do so. Raleigh and Elizabeth intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World and a base from which to send <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> on raids against the treasure fleets of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. The charter was originally given to <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Sir Humphrey Gilbert</a> who pitched the idea to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a> and died at sea while attempting to accomplish it.
</p><p>On April 27, 1584, the <a href="/wiki/Philip_Amadas" title="Philip Amadas">Philip Amadas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Barlowe" title="Arthur Barlowe">Arthur Barlowe</a> expedition set sail from England on an exploratory mission to determine what resources were available in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[23]</a></sup> They returned with two of the local inhabitants, Manteo and Wanchese, in August 1584, and reported of their findings.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[21]</a></sup> The region (the majority of the east coast) received the name "Virginia" for the Virgin <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a>, which is the origin of the name of the modern day <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1585, he sent a militarized group to North America to set up a fort to raid Spanish ships and become the first English colony in North America. <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[23]</a></sup> The voyage was led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenville" title="Richard Grenville">Sir Richard Grenville</a> and the colony on <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a> was governed by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lane" title="Ralph Lane">Ralph Lane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a></sup> The colony ran out of food after clashes with the local inhabitants and eventually left with <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Sir Francis Drake</a> in June 1586 after resupply attempts failed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[11]</a></sup> Sir Richard Grenvile arrived shortly after the Lane colony left with Drake. He left supplies and 15 men on Roanoke Island and returned to England.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></sup> They were never seen again.
</p><p>On July 22, 1587, Raleigh attempted a second expedition, again establishing a settlement on Roanoke Island.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[23]</a></sup> This time, <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonists_at_Roanoke" title="List of colonists at Roanoke">a more diverse group of settlers</a> was sent, including some entire families,<sup id="cite_ref-si.edu_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-si.edu-29">[27]</a></sup> under the governance of <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1965522_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1965522-30">[28]</a></sup> After a short while in America, White returned to England to obtain more supplies for the colony, planning to return in a year. Unfortunately for the colonists at Roanoke, one year became three. The first delay came when Queen Elizabeth I ordered all vessels to remain at port for potential use against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a>. After England's 1588 victory over the Spanish Armada, the ships were given permission to sail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985125–126_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985125–126-31">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>The second delay came after White's small fleet set sail for Roanoke and his crew insisted on sailing first towards <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> in hopes of capturing treasure-laden Spanish merchant ships. Enormous riches described by their pilot, an experienced <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> navigator hired by Raleigh, outweighed White's objections to the delay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985125–126_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985125–126-31">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>When the supply ship arrived in Roanoke, three years later than planned, the colonists had disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985130–133_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985130–133-32">[30]</a></sup> The only clue to their fate was the word "CROATOAN" and the letters "CRO" carved into tree trunks. White had arranged with the settlers that if they should move, the name of their destination be carved into a tree or corner post. This suggested the possibility that they had moved to <a href="/wiki/Croatoan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatoan Island">Croatoan Island</a>, but a hurricane prevented John White from investigating the island for survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985130–133_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985130–133-32">[30]</a></sup> Other speculation includes their having starved, or been swept away or lost at sea during the stormy weather of 1588. No further attempts at contact were recorded for some years. Whatever the fate of the settlers, the settlement is now remembered as the "<a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a>" later known as the "Lost Colony".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985-33">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>Raleigh himself never visited North America, although he led expeditions in 1595 and 1617 to the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> river basin in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> in search of the golden city of <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a>. These expeditions were funded primarily by Raleigh and his friends but never provided the steady stream of revenue necessary to maintain a colony in America.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="1580s">1580s</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1580s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Raleighs_house_in_Blackwall_Harbour_by_Philip_Norman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Walter_Raleighs_house_in_Blackwall_Harbour_by_Philip_Norman.jpg/220px-Walter_Raleighs_house_in_Blackwall_Harbour_by_Philip_Norman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Walter_Raleighs_house_in_Blackwall_Harbour_by_Philip_Norman.jpg/330px-Walter_Raleighs_house_in_Blackwall_Harbour_by_Philip_Norman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Walter_Raleighs_house_in_Blackwall_Harbour_by_Philip_Norman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>Walter Raleigh's house in Blackwall Harbour by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Norman_(artist)" title="Philip Norman (artist)">Philip Norman</a> (before 1931)</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1580 Raleigh went to fight in Ireland against the <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">2nd Desmond Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[11]</a></sup> In December 1581, he returned to England.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13">[11]</a></sup> He took part in court life and became a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I because of his efforts at increasing the Protestant Church in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Walter_Raleigh_Biography_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter_Raleigh_Biography-34">[32]</a></sup> In 1585, Raleigh was knighted and was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Stannaries" title="Lord Warden of the Stannaries">warden of the stannaries</a>, that is of the <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall_and_Devon" title="Mining in Cornwall and Devon">tin mines</a> of Cornwall and Devon, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cornwall" title="Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall">Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice-admirals_of_the_coast" title="List of vice-admirals of the coast">vice-admiral</a> of the two counties. He was a member of parliament for <a href="/wiki/Devon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Devon (UK Parliament constituency)">Devonshire</a> in 1585 and 1586.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughtonLee1896_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughtonLee1896-21">[19]</a></sup> He was also granted the right to colonise America.<sup id="cite_ref-Walter_Raleigh_Biography_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter_Raleigh_Biography-34">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Raleigh commissioned shipbuilder R. Chapman of <a href="/wiki/Deptford" title="Deptford">Deptford</a> to build a ship for him. She was originally called <i>Ark</i> but became <i><a href="/wiki/English_ship_Ark_Royal_(1587)" title="English ship Ark Royal (1587)">Ark Raleigh</a></i>, following the convention at the time by which the ship bore the name of her owner. <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a> (in the person of Queen Elizabeth I) purchased the ship from Raleigh in January 1587 for £5,000 (£1.1 million in 2015).<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-35">[33]</a></sup> This took the form of a reduction in the sum that Sir Walter owed the queen; he received <a href="/wiki/Tally_stick" title="Tally stick">Exchequer tallies</a> but no money. As a result, the ship was renamed <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal" title="HMS Ark Royal">Ark Royal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1852151_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1852151-36">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1586 one of Raleigh's expeditions caught Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa" title="Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa">Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa</a>. Raleigh held Gamboa prisoner in his house and had long conversations with him. Gamboa passed messages to the Spanish ambassador who forwarded them to <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Philip II</a>. Raleigh wanted to defect to Spain and sell his ship the <i>Ark.</i> Philip refused to buy the ship, but encouraged the passing of information from Raleigh.
</p><p>In 1588, Raleigh had some involvement with defence against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> at Devon. The ship that he had built, offered to sell to Spain, and later sold to the crown, the <i>Ark Royal</i>, was Lord High Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham">Howard</a>'s flagship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay19898_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay19898-37">[35]</a></sup>
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<h2><span id="1590.E2.80.931594"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1590–1594">1590–1594</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1590–1594"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png/180px-William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png/270px-William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png/360px-William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sir Walter Raleigh by <a href="/wiki/William_Segar" title="William Segar">William Segar</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_William_Segar_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_%E2%80%98Bess%E2%80%99_Throckmorton,_Lady_Raleigh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sir_William_Segar_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_%E2%80%98Bess%E2%80%99_Throckmorton%2C_Lady_Raleigh.jpg/180px-Sir_William_Segar_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_%E2%80%98Bess%E2%80%99_Throckmorton%2C_Lady_Raleigh.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sir_William_Segar_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_%E2%80%98Bess%E2%80%99_Throckmorton%2C_Lady_Raleigh.jpg/270px-Sir_William_Segar_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_%E2%80%98Bess%E2%80%99_Throckmorton%2C_Lady_Raleigh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sir_William_Segar_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_%E2%80%98Bess%E2%80%99_Throckmorton%2C_Lady_Raleigh.jpg/360px-Sir_William_Segar_Portrait_of_Elizabeth_%E2%80%98Bess%E2%80%99_Throckmorton%2C_Lady_Raleigh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Elizabeth "Bess" Throckmorton Raleigh by <a href="/wiki/William_Segar" title="William Segar">William Segar</a> 1595</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>In 1592, Raleigh was given many rewards by the Queen, including <a href="/wiki/Durham_House,_London" title="Durham House, London">Durham House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">the Strand</a> and the estate of Sherborne, Dorset. He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Captain_of_the_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard">Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard</a>. However, he had not been given any of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Offices_of_State" title="Great Offices of State">great offices of state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay19898_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay19898-37">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1591, Raleigh secretly married <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Raleigh" title="Elizabeth Raleigh">Elizabeth "Bess" Throckmorton</a> (or Throgmorton). She was one of the Queen's <a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">ladies-in-waiting</a>, 11 years his junior, and was pregnant at the time. She gave birth to a son, believed to be named Damerei, who was given to a <a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurse</a> at Durham House, and died of plague in October 1592. Bess resumed her duties to the queen. The following year, the unauthorised marriage was discovered and the Queen ordered Raleigh to be imprisoned and Bess dismissed from court. Both were imprisoned in the Tower of London in June 1592. He was released from prison in August 1592 to manage a recently returned expedition and attack on the Spanish coast. The fleet was recalled by the Queen, but not before it <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1592)" title="Battle of Flores (1592)">captured an incredibly rich prize</a>—a merchant ship (carrack) named <i><a href="/wiki/Madre_de_Deus" title="Madre de Deus">Madre de Deus</a></i> (Mother of God) off <a href="/wiki/Flores_Island_(Azores)" title="Flores Island (Azores)">Flores</a>. Raleigh was sent to organise and divide the spoils of the ship. He was sent back to the Tower, but by early 1593 had been released and become a member of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay198913_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay198913-38">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>It was several years before Raleigh returned to favour,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and he travelled extensively in this time. Raleigh and his wife remained devoted to each other. They had two more sons, Walter (known as Wat) in 1593 and <a href="/wiki/Carew_Raleigh_(1605%E2%80%931666)" title="Carew Raleigh (1605–1666)">Carew</a> in 1605.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay198921_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay198921-39">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>Raleigh was elected a burgess of <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Mitchell (UK Parliament constituency)">Mitchell</a>, Cornwall, in the parliament of 1593.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams2004_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams2004-5">[4]</a></sup> He retired to his estate at Sherborne, where he built a new house, completed in 1594, known then as Sherborne Lodge. Since extended, it is now known as <a href="/wiki/Sherborne_Castle#New_castle" title="Sherborne Castle">Sherborne New Castle</a>. He made friends with the local <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a>, such as Sir Ralph Horsey of <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Maybank" title="Clifton Maybank">Clifton Maybank</a> and Charles Thynne of <a href="/wiki/Longleat" title="Longleat">Longleat</a>. During this period at a dinner party at Horsey's, Raleigh had a heated discussion about religion with Reverend Ralph Ironsides. The argument later gave rise to charges of <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> against Raleigh, though the charges were dismissed. He was elected to Parliament, speaking on religious and naval matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay198914_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay198914-40">[38]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="First_voyage_to_Guiana">First voyage to Guiana</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First voyage to Guiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition</a></div>
<p>In 1594, he came into possession of a Spanish account of a great golden city at the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Caron%C3%AD_River" title="Caroní River">Caroní River</a>. A year later, he explored what is now <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guayana_Region,_Venezuela" title="Guayana Region, Venezuela">eastern Venezuela</a> in search of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Parime" title="Lake Parime">Lake Parime</a> and Manoa, the legendary city. Once back in England, he published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Guiana" title="The Discovery of Guiana">The Discovery of Guiana</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaleigh1848_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaleigh1848-41">[39]</a></sup> (1596), an account of his voyage which made exaggerated claims as to what had been discovered. The book can be seen as a contribution to the <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a> legend. <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> has <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> deposits, but no evidence indicates that Raleigh found any mines. He is sometimes said to have discovered <a href="/wiki/Angel_Falls" title="Angel Falls">Angel Falls</a>, but these claims are considered far-fetched.<sup id="cite_ref-thelostworld.org_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelostworld.org-42">[40]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="1596.E2.80.931603"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1596–1603">1596–1603</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1596–1603"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WalterRaleighandson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/WalterRaleighandson.jpg/220px-WalterRaleighandson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/WalterRaleighandson.jpg/330px-WalterRaleighandson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/WalterRaleighandson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Raleigh and his son Walter in 1602</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1596, Raleigh took part in the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Capture of Cádiz">capture of Cádiz</a>, where he was wounded. He also served as the rear admiral (a principal command) of the <a href="/wiki/Islands_Voyage" title="Islands Voyage">Islands Voyage</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> in 1597.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay198916_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay198916-43">[41]</a></sup> On his return from the Azores, Raleigh helped England defend itself against the major threat of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada" title="3rd Spanish Armada">3rd Spanish Armada</a> during the autumn of 1597. The Armada was dispersed in the Channel and later was devastated by a storm off Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham">Lord Howard of Effingham</a> and Raleigh were able to organise a fleet that resulted in the capture of a Spanish ship in retreat carrying vital information regarding the Spanish plans.
</p><p>In 1597 Raleigh was chosen as member of parliament for <a href="/wiki/Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)">Dorset</a> and in 1601 for <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)">Cornwall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughtonLee1896_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughtonLee1896-21">[19]</a></sup> He was unique in the Elizabethan period in sitting for three counties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams2004_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams2004-5">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>From 1600 to 1603, as governor of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Island">Channel Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, Raleigh modernised its defences. This included the construction of a new fort protecting the approaches to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helier">Saint Helier</a>, Fort Isabella Bellissima, or <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Castle" title="Elizabeth Castle">Elizabeth Castle</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Trial_and_imprisonment">Trial and imprisonment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trial and imprisonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloodytower_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bloodytower_interior.jpg/220px-Bloodytower_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bloodytower_interior.jpg/330px-Bloodytower_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bloodytower_interior.jpg/440px-Bloodytower_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Raleigh's cell, Bloody Tower, Tower of London</figcaption></figure>
<p>Royal favour with Queen Elizabeth had been restored by this time, but his good fortune did not last; the Queen died on 24 March 1603. Raleigh was arrested on 19 July 1603 at what is now the Old Exeter Inn in Ashburton, charged with <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> for his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Main_Plot" title="Main Plot">Main Plot</a> against Elizabeth's successor, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>, and imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay198919_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay198919-44">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>Raleigh's trial began on 17 November in the converted <a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">Great Hall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Castle" title="Winchester Castle">Winchester Castle</a>. Raleigh conducted his own defence. The chief evidence against him was the signed and sworn confession of his friend <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_11th_Baron_Cobham" title="Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham">Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham</a>. Raleigh repeatedly requested that Cobham be called to testify. "[Let] my acuser come face to face, and be deposed. Were the case but for a small <a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">copyhold</a>, you would have witnesses or good proof to lead the jury to a verdict; and I am here for my life!" Raleigh argued that the evidence against him was "<a href="/wiki/Hearsay" title="Hearsay">hearsay</a>", but the tribunal refused to allow Cobham to testify and be <a href="/wiki/Cross-examination" title="Cross-examination">cross-examined</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crimtrial_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crimtrial-45">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uark.edu_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uark.edu-46">[44]</a></sup> Raleigh's trial has been regularly cited as influential in establishing a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> right to confront accusers in court.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a></sup> Raleigh was convicted, but King James spared his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1962241_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1962241-51">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>While imprisoned in the Tower, Raleigh wrote his incomplete <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_World_(Raleigh)" title="The History of the World (Raleigh)">The History of the World</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaleigh1677_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaleigh1677-52">[50]</a></sup> Using a wide array of sources in six languages, Raleigh was fully abreast of the latest continental scholarship. He wrote not about England, but of the ancient world with a heavy emphasis on geography. Despite his intention of providing current advice to the King of England, King James I complained that it was "too sawcie in censuring Princes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopper201218_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopper201218-53">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERacin1974_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERacin1974-54">[52]</a></sup> Raleigh remained imprisoned in the Tower until 1616.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1959256_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1959256-55">[53]</a></sup> His son, Carew, was conceived and born (in 1604 or 1605) while Raleigh was imprisoned in the Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1959228_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1959228-56">[54]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_voyage_to_Guiana">Second voyage to Guiana</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second voyage to Guiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Pardon_of_Walter_Raleigh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Royal_Pardon_of_Walter_Raleigh.jpg/220px-Royal_Pardon_of_Walter_Raleigh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Royal_Pardon_of_Walter_Raleigh.jpg/330px-Royal_Pardon_of_Walter_Raleigh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Royal_Pardon_of_Walter_Raleigh.jpg/440px-Royal_Pardon_of_Walter_Raleigh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>James I's royal warrant pardoning Raleigh in 1617</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1617, Raleigh was pardoned by the King and granted permission to conduct a second expedition to Venezuela in search of El Dorado. During the expedition, a detachment of Raleigh's men under the command of his long-time friend <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kemys" title="Lawrence Kemys">Lawrence Kemys</a> attacked the Spanish outpost of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Tom%C3%A9_de_Guayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Tomé de Guayana">Santo Tomé de Guayana</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> river, in violation of peace treaties with Spain and against Raleigh's orders. A condition of Raleigh's pardon was avoidance of any hostility against Spanish colonies or shipping. In the initial attack on the settlement, Raleigh's son, Walter, was fatally shot. Kemys informed Raleigh of his son's death and begged for forgiveness, but did not receive it, and at once committed suicide. On Raleigh's return to England, an outraged <a href="/wiki/Diego_Sarmiento_de_Acu%C3%B1a,_1st_Count_of_Gondomar" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar">Count Gondomar</a>, the Spanish ambassador, demanded that Raleigh's death sentence be reinstated by King James, who had little choice but to do so. Raleigh was brought to London from <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> by Sir <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Stukley" title="Lewis Stukley">Lewis Stukley</a>, where he passed up numerous opportunities to make an effective escape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffe2004_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2004-57">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughton1898_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughton1898-58">[56]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Execution_and_aftermath">Execution and aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Execution and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Execution_of_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.jpg/220px-Execution_of_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Execution_of_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.jpg/330px-Execution_of_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Execution_of_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Raleigh just before he was beheaded – an illustration from <i>circa</i> 1860</figcaption></figure>
<p>Raleigh was beheaded in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Palace_Yard" title="Old Palace Yard">Old Palace Yard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> on 29 October 1618. "Let us dispatch", he said to his executioner. "At this hour my <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">ague</a> comes upon me. I would not have my enemies think I quaked from fear." After he was allowed to see the axe that would be used to behead him, he mused: "This is a sharp Medicine, but it is a Physician for all diseases and miseries." According to biographers, Raleigh's last words, spoken to the hesitating executioner, were: "What dost thou fear? Strike, man, strike!"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevelyan2002552_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevelyan2002552-60">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hariot">Thomas Hariot</a> may have introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELey196588_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELey196588-61">[59]</a></sup> Having been one of the people to popularise tobacco smoking in England, he left a small <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_pouch" title="Tobacco pouch">tobacco pouch</a>, found in his cell shortly after his execution. Engraved upon the pouch was a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> inscription: <i>Comes meus fuit in illo miserrimo tempore</i> ("It was my companion at that most miserable time").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorio2007_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorio2007-62">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wallacecollection.org_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wallacecollection.org-63">[61]</a></sup>
</p><p>Raleigh's head was embalmed and presented to his wife. His body was to be buried in the local church in <a href="/wiki/Beddington" title="Beddington">Beddington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, the home of Lady Raleigh, but was finally laid to rest in <a href="/wiki/St._Margaret%27s,_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Margaret's, Westminster">St. Margaret's, Westminster</a>, where his tomb is presently located.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1988_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1988-64">[62]</a></sup> "The Lords", she wrote, "have given me his dead body, though they have denied me his life. God hold me in my wits."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1961158Chap._VI_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1961158Chap._VI-65">[63]</a></sup> It has been said that Lady Raleigh kept her husband's head in a velvet bag until her death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrushfield1896_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrushfield1896-66">[64]</a></sup> After Raleigh's wife's death 29 years later, his head was removed to his tomb and interred at St. Margaret's Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloydMitchinson2006_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloydMitchinson2006-67">[65]</a></sup> Although Raleigh's popularity had waned considerably since his Elizabethan heyday, his execution was seen by many, both at the time and since, as unnecessary and unjust, as for many years his involvement in the Main Plot seemed to have been limited to a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_11th_Baron_Cobham" title="Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham">Lord Cobham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenson1991385–387_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenson1991385–387-68">[66]</a></sup> One of the judges at his trial later said: "The justice of England has never been so degraded and injured as by the condemnation of the honourable Sir Walter Raleigh."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRaleigh1677" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U5BmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA16"><i>The Historie of the World. In five bookes (first ed. 1614)</i></a>. R. White, T. Basset. 1677.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historie+of+the+World.+In+five+bookes+%28first+ed.+1614%29&rft.pub=R.+White%2C+T.+Basset&rft.date=1677&rft.aulast=Raleigh&rft.aufirst=Sir+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU5BmAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRaleigh1848" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4MMAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Discovery of Guiana</i></a>. Hakluyt Society. 1848.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Guiana&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Raleigh&rft.aufirst=Sir+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj4MMAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Poetry">Poetry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raleigh_OfFardell_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Raleigh_OfFardell_Arms.svg/180px-Raleigh_OfFardell_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Raleigh_OfFardell_Arms.svg/270px-Raleigh_OfFardell_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Raleigh_OfFardell_Arms.svg/360px-Raleigh_OfFardell_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Sir Walter Raleigh: <i>Gules, five fusils conjoined in bend argent</i><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Raleigh's poetry is written in the relatively straightforward, unornamented mode known as the plain style. <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> considered Raleigh one of the era's "silver poets", a group of writers who resisted the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> influence of dense classical reference and elaborate poetic devices. His writing contains strong personal treatments of themes such as love, loss, beauty, and time. Most of his poems are short lyrics that were inspired by actual events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724-4">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>In poems such as "What is Our Life" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Lie_(poem)" title="The Lie (poem)">The Lie</a>", Raleigh expresses a <i><a href="/wiki/Contemptus_mundi" title="Contemptus mundi">contemptus mundi</a></i> (contempt of the world) attitude more characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> than of the dawning era of humanistic optimism. But his lesser-known long poem "The Ocean's Love to Cynthia" combines this vein with the more elaborate conceits associated with his contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>, expressing a melancholy sense of history. The poem was written during his imprisonment in the Tower of London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724-4">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Raleigh wrote a poetic response to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Passionate_Shepherd_to_His_Love" title="The Passionate Shepherd to His Love">The Passionate Shepherd to His Love</a>" of 1592, entitled "<a href="/wiki/The_Nymph%27s_Reply_to_the_Shepherd" title="The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd">The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd</a>". Both were written in the style of traditional <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral poetry">pastoral poetry</a> and follow the structure of six four-line stanzas employing a <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">rhyme scheme</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clerihew" title="Clerihew">AABB</a>, with Raleigh's an almost line-for-line refutation of Marlowe's sentiments.<sup id="cite_ref-latech_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latech-71">[69]</a></sup> Years later, the 20th-century poet <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a> would join the poetic "argument" with his "<a href="/wiki/Raleigh_Was_Right" title="Raleigh Was Right">Raleigh Was Right</a>".
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_poems">List of poems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of poems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>All finished, and some unfinished, poems written by Raleigh or plausibly attributed to him:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[c]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;">
<ul><li>"The Advice"</li>
<li>"Another of the Same"</li>
<li>"Conceit begotten by the Eyes"</li>
<li>"Epitaph on Sir Philip Sidney"</li>
<li>"Epitaph on the Earl of Leicester"</li>
<li>"Even such is Time"</li>
<li>"The Excuse"</li>
<li>"False Love"</li>
<li>"Farewell to the Court"</li>
<li>"His Petition to Queen Anne of Denmark"</li>
<li>"If Cynthia be a Queen"</li>
<li>"In Commendation of George Gascoigne's Steel Glass"</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lie_(poem)" title="The Lie (poem)">The Lie</a>"</li>
<li>"Like Hermit Poor"</li>
<li>"Lines from Catullus"</li>
<li>"Love and Time"</li>
<li>"My Body in the Walls captive"</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Nymph%27s_Reply_to_the_Shepherd" title="The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd">The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd</a>"</li>
<li>"Of Spenser's Faery Queen"</li>
<li>"On the Snuff of a Candle"</li>
<li>"The Ocean's Love to Cynthia"</li>
<li>"A Poem entreating of Sorrow"</li>
<li>"A Poem put into my Lady Laiton's Pocket"</li>
<li>"The Pilgrimage"</li>
<li>"A Prognistication upon Cards and Dice"</li>
<li>"The Shepherd's Praise of Diana"</li>
<li>"Sweet Unsure"</li>
<li>"To His Mistress"</li>
<li>"To the Translator of Lucan's Pharsalia"</li>
<li>"What is Our Life?"</li>
<li>"The Wood, the Weed, the Wag"</li></ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Writing_Shakespeare">Writing Shakespeare</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Writing Shakespeare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespeare_authorship_candidates" title="List of Shakespeare authorship candidates">List of Shakespeare authorship candidates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespeare authorship question</a></div>
<p>In 1845, Shakespeare scholar <a href="/wiki/Delia_Bacon" title="Delia Bacon">Delia Bacon</a> first proposed that a group of authors had actually written the plays later attributed to <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, the main writer being Walter Raleigh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrand2013_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrand2013-73">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHechinger2011_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHechinger2011-74">[71]</a></sup> Later, George S. Caldwell asserted that Raleigh was actually the sole author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallechinskyWallace1981_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallechinskyWallace1981-75">[72]</a></sup> These claims have been supported by other scholars throughout subsequent years, including <a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Beveridge" title="Albert J. Beveridge">Albert J. Beveridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pemberton" title="Henry Pemberton">Henry Pemberton</a>, but are rejected by the majority of Shakespearean scholars today.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[d]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh_in_popular_culture" title="Walter Raleigh in popular culture">Walter Raleigh in popular culture</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Raleigh_Statue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Walter_Raleigh_Statue.JPG/170px-Walter_Raleigh_Statue.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Walter_Raleigh_Statue.JPG/255px-Walter_Raleigh_Statue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Walter_Raleigh_Statue.JPG/340px-Walter_Raleigh_Statue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Sir Walter Raleigh at <a href="/wiki/Raleigh_Convention_Center" title="Raleigh Convention Center">Raleigh Convention Center</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roanoke_half_dollar_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Roanoke_half_dollar_obverse.png/200px-Roanoke_half_dollar_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Roanoke_half_dollar_obverse.png/300px-Roanoke_half_dollar_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Roanoke_half_dollar_obverse.png/400px-Roanoke_half_dollar_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2944" /></a><figcaption>The commemorative <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island,_North_Carolina,_half_dollar" title="Roanoke Island, North Carolina, half dollar">Roanoke Island half dollar</a>, issued by the US in 1937, bears Walter Raleigh's portrait</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 2002, Raleigh was featured in the BBC poll of the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a></sup>
</p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Galliard" title="Galliard">galliard</a> was composed in honour of Raleigh by either <a href="/wiki/Francis_Cutting" title="Francis Cutting">Francis Cutting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Richard_Allison_(composer)" title="Richard Allison (composer)">Richard Allison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a></sup>
</p><p>The state capital of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, its second-largest city, was named <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a> in 1792, after Sir Walter, sponsor of the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a>. In the city, a bronze statue, which has been moved around different locations within the city, was cast in honour of the city's namesake. The "Lost Colony" is commemorated at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Raleigh National Historic Site">Fort Raleigh National Historic Site</a> on <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a>, North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Raleigh_County,_West_Virginia" title="Raleigh County, West Virginia">Raleigh County, West Virginia</a>, is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Raleigh" title="Mount Raleigh">Mount Raleigh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ranges" title="Pacific Ranges">Pacific Ranges</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Mountains" title="Coast Mountains">Coast Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada, was named for him,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a></sup> with related features the Raleigh Glacier<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a></sup> and Raleigh Creek<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a></sup> named in association with the mountain. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gilbert_(British_Columbia)" title="Mount Gilbert (British Columbia)">Mount Gilbert</a>, just to Mount Raleigh's south, was named for his half-brother, Sir Humphrey.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a></sup>
</p><p>Raleigh has been widely speculated to be responsible for introducing the <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> to Europe, and was a key figure in bringing it to Ireland. However, modern historians dispute this claim, suggesting it would have been impossible for Raleigh to have discovered the potato in the places he visited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalamanBurton1985148_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanBurton1985148-85">[81]</a></sup>
</p><p>Due to Raleigh's role in the popularisation of <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> humorously referred to him as "such a stupid <a href="/wiki/Git_(slang)" title="Git (slang)">git</a>" in the song "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_So_Tired" title="I'm So Tired">I'm So Tired</a>" on the "White Album" <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_(album)" title="The Beatles (album)">The Beatles</a></i> (1968).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>Various colourful stories are told about him, such as laying his cloak over a puddle for the Queen, but they are probably apocryphal.<sup id="cite_ref-Fragmenta_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fragmenta-87">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller1684749_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1684749-88">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a></sup> The story of Raleigh's trial is included in <a href="/wiki/John_George_Phillimore" title="John George Phillimore">John George Phillimore</a>'s 1850 book <i>The History and Principles of Evidence</i>, and his commentary on the story is included in many law school textbooks on evidence in <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> countries.
</p><p>In January 2014, the Raleigh Rum Company was founded in Raleigh, North Carolina.
</p><p>The author <a href="/wiki/George_Garrett_(poet)" title="George Garrett (poet)">George Garrett</a>'s historical fiction novel <i><a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_Fox" title="Death of the Fox">Death of the Fox</a></i> explores Raleigh's relationships with Elizabeth I and her successor James I.
</p>
<h2><span id="Raleigh.27s_descendants"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Raleigh's_descendants">Raleigh's descendants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Raleigh's descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Walter_Raleigh,_Greenwich_(II).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statue_of_Walter_Raleigh%2C_Greenwich_%28II%29.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Walter_Raleigh%2C_Greenwich_%28II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statue_of_Walter_Raleigh%2C_Greenwich_%28II%29.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Walter_Raleigh%2C_Greenwich_%28II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statue_of_Walter_Raleigh%2C_Greenwich_%28II%29.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Walter_Raleigh%2C_Greenwich_%28II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="4592" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Raleigh in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>, southeast London</figcaption></figure>
<p>Many people claim descent from Sir Walter Raleigh, but nearly all have no basis in fact. The only authentic lines of descent are as follows:
</p><p>Raleigh's only surviving child, Carew Raleigh, had three surviving children—Walter (d. 1660), Anne (d. 1708) and Philip (d. 1705).
</p><p>The elder son, Walter Raleigh, was knighted in June 1660, but died two months later. He was buried at West Horsley. He left three surviving children – Elizabeth, Philippa and Anne. Philippa (who married Oliver Weekes, of Tortingdon, Sussex) and Anne (who married William Knight, of Barrells, Warwickshire) left descendants. It was Philippa Weekes' daughter, Elizabeth Elwes, who seems to have owned the main store of Raleigh memorabilia and was consulted by William Oldys in 1735 when he was writing his <i>Life of Raleigh</i> <sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a></sup>
</p><p>Anne Raleigh married Sir Peter Tyrrell, Bt. of Castlethorpe, Bucks. Their son Thomas Tyrrell, 2nd Bt. left two daughters – Christobella, who married as her third husband, <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Saye_and_Sele" title="Viscount Saye and Sele">Richard Fiennes, 6th Viscount Saye & Sele</a>, but died without surviving issue in 1789. The younger daughter, Harriet, married Francis Mann, of Kidlington, Oxfordshire, and died in 1785, having had a daughter, Harriet, who married Capt. Joseph Mead and died in 1784, leaving issue. <sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a></sup>
</p><p>Philip Raleigh championed his grandfather's cause, publishing several of his hitherto unpublished papers. He had a family of four sons and three daughters. The youngest son, Carew Raleigh, page of honour to William III, was serving as a captain's servant on <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Bredah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Bredah (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Bredah</i></a> when he died of fever in the West Indies in 1697, aged seventeen. The second son, Lieut. Brudenell Raleigh, was also serving in the navy in the West Indies when he died of fever in June 1698, aged 22. The eldest son, Captain Walter Raleigh, Grenadier Guards, was page of honour to Queen Mary, and was killed at the siege of Schellenberg in 1704, aged 31. He was unmarried. After Walter's death, his father was granted a pension by the crown, 'in consideration of his 3 sons being slain in the late and present war'. <sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a></sup> The third son, Captain-Lieutenant Grenville Raleigh, served in the <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a>'s army throughout the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> and died of fever in 1717, while guarding the prisoners at Chester after the 1715 <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite rising">Jacobite rising</a>. He had married and had two sons and a daughter, Mary. On the death of his daughter in Bath in 1783, it was noted that she was 'the only surviving descendant in the direct line of Sir Walter Raleigh'. <sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a></sup>
</p><p>Of Philip Raleigh's daughters, Anne and Elizabeth both died unmarried. <sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a></sup> The eldest daughter, Frances, married William Honywood, eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Honywood,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir William Honywood, 2nd Baronet">Sir William Honywood</a>, of Evington Place, Elmsted, Kent and died in 1730. Her many descendants include the present <a href="/wiki/Norton_Knatchbull,_3rd_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" title="Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Mountbatten</a> and the actor <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2019_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2019-95">[91]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">List of colonial governors of Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter" title="Sir Walter">Sir Walter</a>, a race horse</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Armada_Service" title="The Armada Service">The Armada Service</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-pronunciation-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pronunciation_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many alternative spellings of his surname exist, including <i>Rawley</i>, <i>Ralegh</i>, <i>Ralagh</i> and <i>Rawleigh</i>. "Raleigh" appears most commonly today, but he is known to have used that spelling only once. His most consistent preference was for "Ralegh". His full name is <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>, but in practice, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">RAL</span>-ee</i></a> and even <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">RAH</span>-lee</i></a> are the usual modern pronunciations in England.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raleigh of Pilton: <i>Gules crusilly or, a bend vair</i>; arms of Raleigh of Fardell: <i>Gules, five fusils conjoined in bend argent</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>As ye came from the holy land</i> is often attributed to Raleigh, but, in the words of <a href="#CITEREFBullett1947">Bullett 1947</a>, p. 280, "it certainly existed before Ralegh arrived on the scene; Ralegh's connexion with it is largely a matter of conjecture"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKathman2003">Kathman 2003</a>, p. 621: "...antiStratfordism has remained a fringe belief system"; <a href="#CITEREFSchoenbaum1991">Schoenbaum 1991</a>, p. 450; <a href="#CITEREFPaster1999">Paster 1999</a>, p. 38: "To ask me about the authorship question ... is like asking a palaeontologist to debate a creationist's account of the fossil record."; <a href="#CITEREFNelson2004">Nelson 2004</a>, pp. 149–151: "I do not know of a single professor of the 1,300-member Shakespeare Association of America who questions the identity of Shakespeare ... antagonism to the authorship debate from within the profession is so great that it would be as difficult for a professed Oxfordian to be hired in the first place, much less gain tenure..."; <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2004">Carroll 2004</a>, pp. 278–279: "I have never met anyone in an academic position like mine, in the Establishment, who entertained the slightest doubt as to Shakespeare's authorship of the general body of plays attributed to him."; <a href="#CITEREFPendleton1994">Pendleton 1994</a>, p. 21: "Shakespeareans sometimes take the position that to even engage the Oxfordian hypothesis is to give it a countenance it does not warrant."; <a href="#CITEREFSutherlandWatts2000">Sutherland & Watts 2000</a>, p. 7: "There is, it should be noted, no academic Shakespearian of any standing who goes along with the Oxfordian theory."; <a href="#CITEREFGibson2005">Gibson 2005</a>, p. 30: "...most of the great Shakespearean scholars are to be found in the Stratfordian camp..."</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2018_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfe2018">Wolfe 2018</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cork.anglican.org/tourism/historical-interest/the-church-and-town-of-sir-walter-raleigh/">"The Church and Town of Sir Walter Raleigh"</a>. <i>United Diocese of Cork, Cloyne and Ross</i>. 21 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019122216/http://cork.anglican.org/tourism/historical-interest/the-church-and-town-of-sir-walter-raleigh/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Diocese+of+Cork%2C+Cloyne+and+Ross&rft.atitle=The+Church+and+Town+of+Sir+Walter+Raleigh&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcork.anglican.org%2Ftourism%2Fhistorical-interest%2Fthe-church-and-town-of-sir-walter-raleigh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack_et_al.2011724_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack_et_al.2011">Black et al. 2011</a>, p. 724.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams2004_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams2004_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams2004_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichollsWilliams2004">Nicholls & Williams 2004</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatten2020-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatten2020_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBatten2020">Batten 2020</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECherryPevsner2004288-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherryPevsner2004288_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCherryPevsner2004">Cherry & Pevsner 2004</a>, p. 288.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivian1895638-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVivian1895638_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVivian1895">Vivian 1895</a>, p. 638.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivian1895639,_405,_162-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVivian1895639,_405,_162_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVivian1895">Vivian 1895</a>, pp. 639, 405, 162.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERonald2007249-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERonald2007249_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRonald2007">Ronald 2007</a>, p. 249.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremerWebster2006454-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremerWebster2006454_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremerWebster2006">Bremer & Webster 2006</a>, p. 454.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-1500-1799-biographies/sir-walter-raleigh">"Sir Walter Raleigh | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606195502/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/english-literature-1500-1799-biographies/sir-walter-raleigh">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Sir+Walter+Raleigh+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fliterature-and-arts%2Fenglish-literature-1500-1799-biographies%2Fsir-walter-raleigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Midddle_Temple-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Midddle_Temple_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Register of Admissions to the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple</i>, vol. I, p. 39</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Register+of+Admissions+to+the+Honourable+Society+of+the+Middle+Temple&rft.pages=39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards186826–33-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards186826–33_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1868">Edwards 1868</a>, pp. 26–33.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairholt1859-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairholt1859_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFairholt1859">Fairholt 1859</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John186952–77-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._John186952–77_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSt._John1869">St. John 1869</a>, pp. 52–77.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams201115-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichollsWilliams201115_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichollsWilliams2011">Nicholls & Williams 2011</a>, p. 15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ecu.edu/umc/munster/settlement_munster.html">"The Munster Plantation, 1584–98"</a>. <i>ecu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607053833/https://core.ecu.edu/umc/Munster/settlement_munster.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>extensive crown-sponsored surveying of his lands began in September, 1584</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ecu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Munster+Plantation%2C+1584%E2%80%9398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ecu.edu%2Fumc%2Fmunster%2Fsettlement_munster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleslane.com/1584---plantation-of-munster">"1584 – the Plantation of Munster"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1584+%E2%80%93+the+Plantation+of+Munster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coleslane.com%2F1584---plantation-of-munster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughtonLee1896-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughtonLee1896_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughtonLee1896_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughtonLee1896_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaughtonLee1896">Laughton & Lee 1896</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-yale.edu-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yale.edu_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/raleigh.asp">"Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh: 1584"</a>. <i>The Avalon Project</i>. Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123233745/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/raleigh.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=Charter+to+Sir+Walter+Raleigh%3A+1584&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F16th_century%2Fraleigh.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/fora/learn/education/amadas-and-barlowe.htm">"Amadas and Barlowe – Fort Raleigh National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i>. Manteo, North Carolina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607122426/https://www.nps.gov/fora/learn/education/amadas-and-barlowe.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Amadas+and+Barlowe+%E2%80%93+Fort+Raleigh+National+Historic+Site+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffora%2Flearn%2Feducation%2Famadas-and-barlowe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Phillip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncpedia.org/amadas-and-barlowe-expedition">"Amadas and Barlowe Expedition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193309/https://www.ncpedia.org/amadas-and-barlowe-expedition">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amadas+and+Barlowe+Expedition&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpedia.org%2Famadas-and-barlowe-expedition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Roanoke_Colony/">"Roanoke colony timeline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193706/https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Roanoke_Colony/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roanoke+colony+timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Ftimeline%2FRoanoke_Colony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/raleigh_walter.shtml">"Walter Raleigh (c. 1552–1618)"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/raleigh_walter.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>In 1585, he sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island (now North Carolina).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Walter+Raleigh+%28c.+1552%E2%80%931618%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fraleigh_walter.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/roanoke-island/">"Roanoke Island"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193256/https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/roanoke-island/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roanoke+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorthcarolinahistory.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Froanoke-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMilton2000" class="citation book cs1">Milton, Giles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigchiefelizabet00milt_0/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Big Chief Elizabeth</i></a>. Sceptre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780340748824" title="Special:BookSources/9780340748824"><bdi>9780340748824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Chief+Elizabeth&rft.pub=Sceptre&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780340748824&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigchiefelizabet00milt_0%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-si.edu-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-si.edu_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101082546/http://www.serc.si.edu/education/resources/watershed/stories/roanoke.aspx">"The lost colony of Roanoke Island"</a>. <i>The Smithsonian Institution</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serc.si.edu/education/resources/watershed/stories/roanoke.aspx">the original</a> on 1 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=The+lost+colony+of+Roanoke+Island&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.serc.si.edu%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Fwatershed%2Fstories%2Froanoke.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1965522-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakluyt1965522_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHakluyt1965">Hakluyt 1965</a>, p. 522.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985125–126-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985125–126_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985125–126_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuinn1985">Quinn 1985</a>, pp. 125–126.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985130–133-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985130–133_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985130–133_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuinn1985">Quinn 1985</a>, pp. 130–133.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn1985_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuinn1985">Quinn 1985</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Walter_Raleigh_Biography-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_Raleigh_Biography_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_Raleigh_Biography_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/walter-raleigh-9450901">"Walter Raleigh Biography"</a>. <i>The Biography Channel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313145636/http://www.biography.com/people/walter-raleigh-9450901">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Biography+Channel&rft.atitle=Walter+Raleigh+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fwalter-raleigh-9450901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier1852151-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier1852151_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1852">Collier 1852</a>, p. 151.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay19898-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay19898_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay19898_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay1989">May 1989</a>, p. 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay198913-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay198913_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay1989">May 1989</a>, p. 13.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay198921-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay198921_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay1989">May 1989</a>, p. 21.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay198914-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay198914_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay1989">May 1989</a>, p. 14.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaleigh1848-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaleigh1848_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaleigh1848">Raleigh 1848</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-thelostworld.org-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thelostworld.org_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209070538/http://www.thelostworld.org/characters/Character.htm">"Walter Raleigh – Delusions of Guiana"</a>. <i>The Lost World: The Gran Sabana, Canaima National Park and Angel Falls – Venezuela</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelostworld.org/characters/Character.htm">the original</a> on 9 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lost+World%3A+The+Gran+Sabana%2C+Canaima+National+Park+and+Angel+Falls+%E2%80%93+Venezuela&rft.atitle=Walter+Raleigh+%E2%80%93+Delusions+of+Guiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelostworld.org%2Fcharacters%2FCharacter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay198916-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay198916_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay1989">May 1989</a>, p. 16.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay198919-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay198919_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay1989">May 1989</a>, p. 19.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-crimtrial-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crimtrial_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Criminal Trials 400, 400–511, 1850.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-uark.edu-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uark.edu_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609194849/http://law.uark.edu/documents/Bailey_BE_Trial_of_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.pdf">"Note on the trial under commission of Oyer and Terminer with a jury, at a court of assizes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.uark.edu/documents/Bailey_BE_Trial_of_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Note+on+the+trial+under+commission+of+Oyer+and+Terminer+with+a+jury%2C+at+a+court+of+assizes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.uark.edu%2Fdocuments%2FBailey_BE_Trial_of_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2003" class="citation journal cs1">White, Penny J. (Spring 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023844/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/347466289.pdf">"Rescuing the Confrontation Clause"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>South Carolina Law Review</i>. <b>54</b> (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/347466289.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Carolina+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Rescuing+the+Confrontation+Clause&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Penny+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F347466289.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2008" class="citation journal cs1">Perry, Hadley (Spring 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1393&context=rwu_LR">"Virtually Face-to-Face: The Confrontation Clause and the Use of Two-Way Video Testimony"</a>. <i>Roger Williams University Law Review</i>. <b>13</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1393&context=rwu_LR">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roger+Williams+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Virtually+Face-to-Face%3A+The+Confrontation+Clause+and+the+Use+of+Two-Way+Video+Testimony&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Hadley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.rwu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1393%26context%3Drwu_LR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJonakait1995" class="citation journal cs1">Jonakait, Randolph N. (Autumn 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230508635.pdf">"The Origins of the Confrontation Clause: An Alternative History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Law_Journal" title="Rutgers Law Journal">Rutgers Law Journal</a></i>. <b>27</b> (1): 77–168. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230508635.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutgers+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Confrontation+Clause%3A+An+Alternative+History&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-168&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Jonakait&rft.aufirst=Randolph+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F230508635.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShaviro1991" class="citation journal cs1">Shaviro, Daniel N. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2140&context=vulr">"The Confrontation Clause Today in Light of its Common Law Background"</a>. <i>Valparaiso University Law Review</i>. <b>26</b>: 337–366. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023845/https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2140&context=vulr">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Valparaiso+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Confrontation+Clause+Today+in+Light+of+its+Common+Law+Background&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=337-366&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Shaviro&rft.aufirst=Daniel+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.valpo.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D2140%26context%3Dvulr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1962241-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1962241_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowse1962">Rowse 1962</a>, p. 241.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaleigh1677-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaleigh1677_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaleigh1677">Raleigh 1677</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopper201218-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopper201218_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopper2012">Popper 2012</a>, p. 18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERacin1974-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERacin1974_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRacin1974">Racin 1974</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1959256-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1959256_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace1959">Wallace 1959</a>, p. 256.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1959228-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1959228_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace1959">Wallace 1959</a>, p. 228.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffe2004-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolffe2004_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolffe2004">Wolffe 2004</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaughton1898-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaughton1898_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaughton1898">Laughton 1898</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1988" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Malcolm (1988). <i>They Went That-a-way</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-65709-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-65709-7"><bdi>0-671-65709-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Went+That-a-way&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-671-65709-7&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevelyan2002552-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevelyan2002552_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrevelyan2002">Trevelyan 2002</a>, p. 552.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELey196588-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELey196588_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLey1965">Ley 1965</a>, p. 88.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorio2007-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorio2007_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorio2007">Borio 2007</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wallacecollection.org-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wallacecollection.org_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109092652/https://wallacelive.wallacecollection.org/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=64809&viewType=detailView">"Sir Walter Raleigh's tobacco pouch"</a>. Wallace Collection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wallacelive.wallacecollection.org/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=64809&viewType=detailView">the original</a> on 9 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Walter+Raleigh%27s+tobacco+pouch&rft.pub=Wallace+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwallacelive.wallacecollection.org%2FeMuseumPlus%3Fservice%3DExternalInterface%26module%3Dcollection%26objectId%3D64809%26viewType%3DdetailView&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1988-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1988_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1988">Williams 1988</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1961158Chap._VI-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1961158Chap._VI_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurantDurant1961">Durant & Durant 1961</a>, p. 158, Chap. VI.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrushfield1896-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrushfield1896_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrushfield1896">Brushfield 1896</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloydMitchinson2006-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloydMitchinson2006_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloydMitchinson2006">Lloyd & Mitchinson 2006</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristenson1991385–387-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristenson1991385–387_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristenson1991">Christenson 1991</a>, pp. 385–387.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710234318/http://federalevidence.com/pdf/2007/13-SCt/Crawford_v._Washington.pdf">"Crawford v. Washington"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 44. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://federalevidence.com/pdf/2007/13-SCt/Crawford_v._Washington.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crawford+v.+Washington&rft.pages=44&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffederalevidence.com%2Fpdf%2F2007%2F13-SCt%2FCrawford_v._Washington.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Pole_(antiquary)" title="William Pole (antiquary)">Pole, Sir William</a> (d.1635), Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_de_la_Pole,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir John de la Pole, 6th Baronet">Sir John-William de la Pole</a> (ed.), London, 1791, p. 499</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-latech-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latech_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/201/marlowe/shepherd_%26_notes.htm">"Notes for <i>The Passionate Shepherd to His Love</i>"</a>. Dr. Bruce Magee, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_University" title="Louisiana Tech University">Louisiana Tech University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623164203/http://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/201/marlowe/shepherd_%26_notes.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+for+The+Passionate+Shepherd+to+His+Love&rft.pub=Dr.+Bruce+Magee%2C+Louisiana+Tech+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.latech.edu%2F~bmagee%2F201%2Fmarlowe%2Fshepherd_%2526_notes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrand2013-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrand2013_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarrand2013">Farrand 2013</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHechinger2011-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHechinger2011_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHechinger2011">Hechinger 2011</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallechinskyWallace1981-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallechinskyWallace1981_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallechinskyWallace1981">Wallechinsky & Wallace 1981</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021204214727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/">"BBC – Great Britons – Top 100"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/">the original</a> on 4 December 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Great+Britons+%E2%80%93+Top+100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fprogrammes%2Fgreatbritons%2Flist.shtml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-DD-00002-00011/154">"Mathew Holmes lute books: Sir Walter Raleigh's galliard"</a>. Cambridge Digital Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213015413/http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-DD-00002-00011/154">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mathew+Holmes+lute+books%3A+Sir+Walter+Raleigh%27s+galliard&rft.pub=Cambridge+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcudl.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fview%2FMS-DD-00002-00011%2F154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelostcolony.org/">"The Lost Colony – #1 OBX Attraction"</a>. <i>The Lost Colony</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426125758/https://www.thelostcolony.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lost+Colony&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Colony+%E2%80%93+%231+OBX+Attraction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelostcolony.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205903/http://www.wvculture.org/history/counties/raleigh.html">"Raleigh County history sources"</a>. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history/counties/raleigh.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raleigh+County+history+sources&rft.pub=West+Virginia+Division+of+Culture+and+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvculture.org%2Fhistory%2Fcounties%2Fraleigh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519202950/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/23259.html">"Mount Raleigh"</a>. BCNames/GeoBC</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519202950/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/23256.html">"Raleigh Glacier"</a>. BC Names/GeoBC</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519192618/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/23257.html">"Raleigh Creek"</a>. BC Names/GeoBC</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519192618/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/6119.html">"Mount Gilbert"</a>. BC Names/GeoBC</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanBurton1985148-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalamanBurton1985148_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalamanBurton1985">Salaman & Burton 1985</a>, p. 148.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebeatles.com/song/im-so-tired"><i>The Beatles</i> (<i>The White Album</i>) "I'm So Tired" website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033759/https://www.thebeatles.com/song/im-so-tired">Archived</a> 24 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 11 December 2014</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Fragmenta-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fragmenta_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Naunton" title="Robert Naunton">Naunton, Robert</a> <i>Fragmenta Regalia</i> 1694, reprinted 1824.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1684749-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller1684749_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuller1684">Fuller 1684</a>, p. 749.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/10-historical-misconceptions9.htm">10 Historical Misconceptions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112300/http://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/10-historical-misconceptions9.htm">Archived</a> 28 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/HowStuffWorks" title="HowStuffWorks">HowStuffWorks</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>The History of the World</i> by Sir Walter Ralegh Kt.... by Mr Oldys... London, 1706</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Her son was Rev Francis Mead, rector of Candlebury, Lincs. His great aunt, Lady Saye and Sele, left him £2000 and all her plate in her will. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Minute Book: June 1706', in Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 20, 1705–1706, ed. William A Shaw (London, 1952), pp. 79–86. British History Online <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol20/pp.79-86">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-treasury-books/vol20/pp.79-86</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup> [accessed 29 March 2019].</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Bath Chronicle, November 1783. Her will, signed on 5 April 1781, makes no mention of any Raleigh relatives. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Anne was unmarried when William Oldys published his life of Raleigh in 1736, when she would have been in her 60s. She died in 1743. There is a memorial to Elizabeth Raleigh in the church at Cheriton, Kent – her sister, Frances Honywood, lived at nearby Enbrook Manor. Elizabeth died in 1716, aged 42. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2019-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2019_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2019">King 2019</a>.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBatten2020" class="citation web cs1">Batten, Jim (16 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishexplorers.com/woodbury/hayesba.html">"Woodbury Common – Hayes Barton"</a>. <i>britishexplorers.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805014854/http://www.britishexplorers.com/woodbury/hayesba.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britishexplorers.com&rft.atitle=Woodbury+Common+%E2%80%93+Hayes+Barton&rft.date=2020-08-16&rft.aulast=Batten&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishexplorers.com%2Fwoodbury%2Fhayesba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBlack_et_al.2011" class="citation book cs1">Black, Joseph; et al., eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBkw3d6adu4C&pg=PA724"><i>The Broadview Anthology of British Literature</i></a>. Vol. A (2nd ed.). Broadview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77048-086-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77048-086-5"><bdi>978-1-77048-086-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Broadview+Anthology+of+British+Literature&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-77048-086-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBkw3d6adu4C%26pg%3DPA724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBorio2007" class="citation web cs1">Borio, Gene (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109093130/http://archive.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History17.html">"Tobacco Timeline: The Seventeenth Century – The Great Age of the Pipe"</a>. Tobacco.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History17.html">the original</a> on 9 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tobacco+Timeline%3A+The+Seventeenth+Century+%E2%80%93+The+Great+Age+of+the+Pipe&rft.pub=Tobacco.org&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Borio&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tobacco.org%2Fresources%2Fhistory%2FTobacco_History17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBremerWebster2006" class="citation book cs1">Bremer, Francis J.; Webster, Tom (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzvHvEDPosQC&pg=PA454"><i>Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-678-1"><bdi>978-1-57607-678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puritans+and+Puritanism+in+Europe+and+America%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-678-1&rft.aulast=Bremer&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rft.au=Webster%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEzvHvEDPosQC%26pg%3DPA454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrushfield1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nadauld_Brushfield" title="Thomas Nadauld Brushfield">Brushfield, Thomas Nadauld</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/raleghana08brus"><i>Raleghana</i></a>. Vol. 8. Plymouth: Devonshire Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raleghana&rft.place=Plymouth&rft.pub=Devonshire+Association&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Brushfield&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Nadauld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fraleghana08brus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBullett1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Bullett" title="Gerald Bullett">Bullett, Gerald</a> (1947). <i>Silver Poets of the 16th Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman's Library</a>. Vol. 1985. London: Dent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silver+Poets+of+the+16th+Century&rft.place=London&rft.series=Everyman%27s+Library&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Bullett&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2004" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, D. Allen (2004). "Reading the 1592 Groatsworth Attack on Shakespeare". <i>Tennessee Law Review</i>. <b>72</b> (1). Tennessee Law Review Association: 277–94. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-3288">0040-3288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Reading+the+1592+Groatsworth+Attack+on+Shakespeare&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=277-94&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0040-3288&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=D.+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCherryPevsner2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Cherry" title="Bridget Cherry">Cherry, Bridget</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5wd_Pw4L3zcC"><i>The Buildings of England: Devon</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09596-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09596-8"><bdi>978-0-300-09596-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buildings+of+England%3A+Devon&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09596-8&rft.aulast=Cherry&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft.au=Pevsner%2C+Nikolaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5wd_Pw4L3zcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChristenson1991" class="citation book cs1">Christenson, Ron (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKBDAQAAIAAJ"><i>Political Trials in History: From Antiquity to the Present</i></a>. Transaction. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-406-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-406-6"><bdi>978-0-88738-406-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Trials+in+History%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88738-406-6&rft.aulast=Christenson&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKBDAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCollier1852" class="citation journal cs1">Collier, John Payne (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1812965">"Additional Information respecting the Life and Services of Sir Walter Raleigh"</a>. <i>Archaeologia</i>. <b>34</b> (2). The Society of Antiquaries of London: 151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS026134090000103X">10.1017/S026134090000103X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804003353/https://zenodo.org/record/1812965">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeologia&rft.atitle=Additional+Information+respecting+the+Life+and+Services+of+Sir+Walter+Raleigh&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151&rft.date=1852&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS026134090000103X&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=John+Payne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1812965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Edwards_(librarian)" title="Edward Edwards (librarian)">Edwards, Edward</a> (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jaRRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA26"><i>The Life of Sir Walter Ralegh</i></a>. Vol. 1. Macmillan & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Sir+Walter+Ralegh&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Company&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjaRRAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDurantDurant1961" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1961). <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization" title="The Story of Civilization"><i>The Story of Civilization</i></a>. Vol. VII. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1567310238" title="Special:BookSources/978-1567310238"><bdi>978-1567310238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Civilization&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-1567310238&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Durant%2C+Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFairholt1859" class="citation book cs1">Fairholt, Frederick William (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tobaccoitshistor00fair"><i>Tobacco, Its History and Associations</i></a>. London: Chapman and Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tobacco%2C+Its+History+and+Associations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Fairholt&rft.aufirst=Frederick+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftobaccoitshistor00fair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1684" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fuller" title="Thomas Fuller">Fuller, Thomas</a> (1684). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvYm-o5Gw_UC&pg=749"><i>Anglorum Speculum: Or The Worthies of England, in Church and State</i></a>. J. Wright.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglorum+Speculum%3A+Or+The+Worthies+of+England%2C+in+Church+and+State&rft.pub=J.+Wright&rft.date=1684&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvYm-o5Gw_UC%26pg%3D749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFarrand2013" class="citation web cs1">Farrand, Michael J. (26 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fewbetween.blogspot.com/2013/01/walter-raleigh-wrote-shakespeare.html">"Far and few between: Walter Raleigh Wrote Shakespeare?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220231004/http://fewbetween.blogspot.com/2013/01/walter-raleigh-wrote-shakespeare.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Far+and+few+between%3A+Walter+Raleigh+Wrote+Shakespeare%3F&rft.date=2013-01-26&rft.aulast=Farrand&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffewbetween.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fwalter-raleigh-wrote-shakespeare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2005" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, H. N. (2005) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7HEMEsGiVUC"><i>The Shakespeare Claimants</i></a>. Routledge Library Editions – Shakespeare. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35290-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35290-1"><bdi>978-0-415-35290-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shakespeare+Claimants&rft.series=Routledge+Library+Editions+%E2%80%93+Shakespeare&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35290-1&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=H.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW7HEMEsGiVUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHakluyt1965" class="citation book cs1">Hakluyt, Richard (1965). Irwin R. Blacker (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b6gnAQAAMAAJ"><i>Hakluyt's Voyages: The Principle Navigations Voyages Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation</i></a>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01067-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01067-7"><bdi>978-0-670-01067-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hakluyt%27s+Voyages%3A+The+Principle+Navigations+Voyages+Traffiques+%26+Discoveries+of+the+English+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-670-01067-7&rft.aulast=Hakluyt&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db6gnAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHechinger2011" class="citation web cs1">Hechinger, Paul (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2011/10/did-shakespeare-really-write-his-plays-a-few-theories-examined/2">"Did Shakespeare Really Write His Plays? A Few Theories Examined"</a>. <i>BBC America</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807035831/https://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2011/10/did-shakespeare-really-write-his-plays-a-few-theories-examined/2">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+America&rft.atitle=Did+Shakespeare+Really+Write+His+Plays%3F+A+Few+Theories+Examined&rft.date=2011-10&rft.aulast=Hechinger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbcamerica.com%2Fanglophenia%2F2011%2F10%2Fdid-shakespeare-really-write-his-plays-a-few-theories-examined%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKathman2003" class="citation book cs1">Kathman, David (2003). "The Question of Authorship". In Wells, Stanley; Orlin, Lena Cowen (eds.). <i>Shakespeare: an Oxford Guide</i>. Oxford Guides. Oxford University Press. pp. 620–632. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924522-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924522-2"><bdi>978-0-19-924522-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+Authorship&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%3A+an+Oxford+Guide&rft.series=Oxford+Guides&rft.pages=620-632&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924522-2&rft.aulast=Kathman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKing2019" class="citation book cs1">King, Walter Raleigh (2019). <i>Sunk Down among the People: The Story of the Descendants of Sir Walter Raleigh</i>. Kindle Direct Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B081SKM5HD">B081SKM5HD</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunk+Down+among+the+People%3A+The+Story+of+the+Descendants+of+Sir+Walter+Raleigh&rft.pub=Kindle+Direct+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB081SKM5HD%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Walter+Raleigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLaughtonLee1896" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Laughton, John Knox; Lee, Sidney (1896). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ralegh, Walter (1552?–1618)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Ralegh,_Walter_(1552%3F%E2%80%931618)">"Ralegh, Walter (1552?–1618)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 47. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ralegh%2C+Walter+%281552%3F%E2%80%931618%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Laughton&rft.aufirst=John+Knox&rft.au=Lee%2C+Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLaughton1898" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Laughton, John Knox (1898). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stucley, Lewis"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Stucley,_Lewis">"Stucley, Lewis" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stucley%2C+Lewis&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Laughton&rft.aufirst=John+Knox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLey1965" class="citation magazine cs1">Ley, Willy (December 1965). Frederik Pohl (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?659721">"The Healthfull Aromatick Herbe"</a>. For Your Information. <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527215403/http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?659721">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=The+Healthfull+Aromatick+Herbe&rft.date=1965-12&rft.aulast=Ley&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isfdb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftitle.cgi%3F659721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLloydMitchinson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_(producer)" title="John Lloyd (producer)">Lloyd, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Mitchinson_(researcher)" title="John Mitchinson (researcher)">Mitchinson, J.</a> (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_General_Ignorance" title="The Book of General Ignorance">The Book of General Ignorance</a></i>. Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-39491-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-307-39491-3"><bdi>0-307-39491-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+General+Ignorance&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-307-39491-3&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Mitchinson%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMay1989" class="citation book cs1">May, Steven W. (1989). <i>Sir Walter Ralegh</i>. Boston, MA: Twayne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805769838" title="Special:BookSources/9780805769838"><bdi>9780805769838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Walter+Ralegh&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780805769838&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span> Raleigh as a writer and poet.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNichollsWilliams2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nicholls, Mark; Williams, Penry (17 September 2004). "Ralegh, Sir Walter (1554–1618)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23039">10.1093/ref:odnb/23039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ralegh%2C+Sir+Walter+%281554%E2%80%931618%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23039&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Williams%2C+Penry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Alan H. (2004). "Stratford Si! Essex No!". <i>Tennessee Law Review</i>. <b>72</b> (1). Tennessee Law Review Association: 149–169. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-3288">0040-3288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Stratford+Si%21+Essex+No%21&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=149-169&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0040-3288&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNichollsWilliams2011" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Mark; Williams, Penry (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8TOqi0Dd4cC&pg=PA15"><i>Sir Walter Raleigh: In Life and Legend</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1209-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1209-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-1209-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Walter+Raleigh%3A+In+Life+and+Legend&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-1209-5&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Williams%2C+Penry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR8TOqi0Dd4cC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPaster1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Paster, Gail Kern (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harpers.org/archive/1999/04/0060465">"The Sweet Swan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(subscription required)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a></i>. pp. 38–41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103140340/http://harpers.org/archive/1999/04/0060465">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Sweet+Swan&rft.pages=38-41&rft.date=1999-04&rft.aulast=Paster&rft.aufirst=Gail+Kern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpers.org%2Farchive%2F1999%2F04%2F0060465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPendleton1994" class="citation journal cs1">Pendleton, Thomas A. (1994). "Irvin Matus's <i>Shakespeare, In Fact</i>". <i>Shakespeare Newsletter</i>. <b>44</b> (Summer). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a>: 21, 26–30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-3214">0037-3214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shakespeare+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Irvin+Matus%27s+Shakespeare%2C+In+Fact&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=Summer&rft.pages=21%2C+26-30&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0037-3214&rft.aulast=Pendleton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPopper2012" class="citation book cs1">Popper, Nicholas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYCk9b8SPA0C"><i>Walter Ralegh's "History of the World" and the Historical Culture of the Late Renaissance</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67502-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67502-2"><bdi>978-0-226-67502-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Ralegh%27s+%22History+of+the+World%22+and+the+Historical+Culture+of+the+Late+Renaissance&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-67502-2&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYCk9b8SPA0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1985" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, David B. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DvA0Az4owikC"><i>Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584–1606</i></a>. Chapel Hill: UNC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4123-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4123-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-4123-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Set+Fair+for+Roanoke%3A+Voyages+and+Colonies%2C+1584%E2%80%931606&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4123-5&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDvA0Az4owikC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRacin1974" class="citation book cs1">Racin, John (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWZExwEACAAJ"><i>Sir Walter Ralegh as Historian: An Analysis of The History of the World</i></a>. Inst. f. Engl. Sprache u. Literatur, Univ. Salzburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Walter+Ralegh+as+Historian%3A+An+Analysis+of+The+History+of+the+World&rft.pub=Inst.+f.+Engl.+Sprache+u.+Literatur%2C+Univ.+Salzburg&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Racin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWZExwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRonald2007" class="citation book cs1">Ronald, Susan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3Ny_3Gp95kC"><i>The Pirate Queen: Queen Elizabeth I, Her Pirate Adventurers, and the Dawn of Empire</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-082066-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-082066-4"><bdi>978-0-06-082066-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pirate+Queen%3A+Queen+Elizabeth+I%2C+Her+Pirate+Adventurers%2C+and+the+Dawn+of+Empire&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-082066-4&rft.aulast=Ronald&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc3Ny_3Gp95kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRowse1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Leslie_Rowse" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Leslie Rowse">Rowse, Alfred Leslie</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lC8zQEACAAJ"><i>Ralegh and the Throckmortons</i></a>. London: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787800419980" title="Special:BookSources/9787800419980"><bdi>9787800419980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralegh+and+the+Throckmortons&rft.place=London&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9787800419980&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lC8zQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSalamanBurton1985" class="citation book cs1">Salaman, Redcliffe N.; Burton, William Glynn (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EV4YE_0RsywC&pg=PA148"><i>The History and Social Influence of the Potato</i></a>. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31623-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31623-1"><bdi>978-0-521-31623-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Social+Influence+of+the+Potato&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31623-1&rft.aulast=Salaman&rft.aufirst=Redcliffe+N.&rft.au=Burton%2C+William+Glynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEV4YE_0RsywC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenbaum1991" class="citation book cs1">Schoenbaum, S. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0zZc7VFGNtMC"><i>Shakespeare's Lives</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818618-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818618-2"><bdi>978-0-19-818618-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%27s+Lives&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-818618-2&rft.aulast=Schoenbaum&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0zZc7VFGNtMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John1869" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Augustus_St._John" title="James Augustus St. John">St. John, James Augustus</a> (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uTnSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA52">"Perpetrates the Massacre of Del Oro"</a>. <i>Life of Sir Walter Raleigh: 1552–1618</i>. Chapman & Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perpetrates+the+Massacre+of+Del+Oro&rft.btitle=Life+of+Sir+Walter+Raleigh%3A+1552%E2%80%931618&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=St.+John&rft.aufirst=James+Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuTnSAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSutherlandWatts2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Sutherland_(author)" title="John Sutherland (author)">Sutherland, John</a>; Watts, Cedric T. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_QGoTWMmMgC"><i>Henry V, War Criminal?: and Other Shakespeare Puzzles</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283879-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283879-7"><bdi>978-0-19-283879-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+V%2C+War+Criminal%3F%3A+and+Other+Shakespeare+Puzzles&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283879-7&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Watts%2C+Cedric+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM_QGoTWMmMgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raleigh_Trevelyan" title="Raleigh Trevelyan">Trevelyan, Raleigh</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6oBnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sir Walter Raleigh</i></a>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9326-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9326-4"><bdi>978-0-7139-9326-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Walter+Raleigh&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9326-4&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=Raleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6oBnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVivian1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lambrick_Vivian" title="John Lambrick Vivian">Vivian, John Lambrick</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/VisitationOfTheCountyOfDevonInTheYear1620/"><i>The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Herald's Visitations of 1531, 1564, & 1620</i></a>. H. S. Eland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visitations+of+the+County+of+Devon%3A+Comprising+the+Herald%27s+Visitations+of+1531%2C+1564%2C+%26+1620&rft.pub=H.+S.+Eland&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Vivian&rft.aufirst=John+Lambrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FVisitationOfTheCountyOfDevonInTheYear1620%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willard_M._Wallace" title="Willard M. Wallace">Wallace, Willard Mosher</a> (1959). <i>Sir Walter Raleigh</i>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7900-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7900-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-7900-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927442536">927442536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Walter+Raleigh&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F927442536&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-7900-7&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Willard+Mosher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWallechinskyWallace1981" class="citation web cs1">Wallechinsky, David; Wallace, Irving (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trivia-library.com/b/who-really-wrote-shakespeare-plays-sir-walter-raleigh.htm">"Who Really Wrote Shakespeare's Plays? Sir Walter Raleigh ?"</a>. <i>trivia-library.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126101739/https://www.trivia-library.com/b/who-really-wrote-shakespeare-plays-sir-walter-raleigh.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trivia-library.com&rft.atitle=Who+Really+Wrote+Shakespeare%27s+Plays%3F+Sir+Walter+Raleigh+%3F&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Wallechinsky&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trivia-library.com%2Fb%2Fwho-really-wrote-shakespeare-plays-sir-walter-raleigh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1988" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Norman Lloyd (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirwalterraleigh00will"><i>Sir Walter Raleigh</i></a>. Cassell Biographies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780304322411" title="Special:BookSources/9780304322411"><bdi>9780304322411</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18325609">18325609</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24939443M">24939443M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Walter+Raleigh&rft.series=Cassell+Biographies&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18325609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24939443M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780304322411&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Norman+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsirwalterraleigh00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wolfe, Brendan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Raleigh_Sir_Walter_ca_1552-1618">"Sir Walter Raleigh (ca. 1552–1618)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i>. Virginia Humanities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030101630/https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Raleigh_Sir_Walter_ca_1552-1618">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+Walter+Raleigh+%28ca.+1552%E2%80%931618%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.pub=Virginia+Humanities&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediavirginia.org%2FRaleigh_Sir_Walter_ca_1552-1618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWolffe2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wolffe, Mary (23 September 2004). "Stucley, Sir Lewis". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26740">10.1093/ref:odnb/26740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stucley%2C+Sir+Lewis&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26740&rft.aulast=Wolffe&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li></ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li>Adamson, J.H. and Folland, H. F. <i>Shepherd of the Ocean</i>, 1969.</li>
<li>Beer, Anna. <i>Sir Walter Raleigh and his readers in the Seventeenth Century</i> (Springer, 1997).</li>
<li>Beer, Anna. <i>Patriot or Traitor: The Life and Death of Sir Walter Ralegh</i> (Oneworld, 2018).</li>
<li>Bevan, Bryan. <i>The Great Seamen of Elizabeth I</i> (Robert Hale, 1971).</li>
<li>Hiscock, Andrew. "Walter Ralegh and the Arts of Memory." <i>Literature Compass</i> 4.4 (2007): 1030–1058.</li>
<li>Dwyer, Jack. <i>Dorset Pioneers</i> <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5346-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5346-0">978-0-7524-5346-0</a></li>
<li>Gallay, Alan. <i>Walter Ralegh: Architect of Empire</i> (2019), a major scholarly biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Walter-Ralegh-Architect-Alan-Gallay/dp/1541645790/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326210006/https://www.amazon.com/Walter-Ralegh-Architect-Alan-Gallay/dp/1541645790">Archived</a> 26 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li>Holmes, John. "The Guiana Projects: Imperial and Colonial Ideologies in Ralegh and Purchas." <i>Literature & History</i> 14.2 (2005): 1–13.</li>
<li>Lawson-Peebles, Robert. "The many faces of Sir Walter Ralegh" <i>History Today</i> 48.3 (1998): 17+.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis, C. S.</a> <i>English Literature in the Sixteenth Century Excluding Drama,</i> (1954).</li>
<li>Lyons, Mathew. <i>The Favourite: Ralegh and His Queen</i> (Hachette UK, 2011).</li>
<li>Lyons, Mathew. "Cloaked in Mystery." <i>History Today</i> (2012) 62.7 pp 72–72</li>
<li>Pemberton, Henry (Author); Carroll Smyth (Editor), Susan L. Pemberton (Contributor) <i>Shakespeare And Sir Walter Raleigh: Including Also Several Essays Previously Published In The New Shakspeareana</i>, Kessinger Publishing, LLC; 264 pages, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0548312483" title="Special:BookSources/978-0548312483">978-0548312483</a></li>
<li>Ralegh, Sir Walter, and Michael Rudick. "The Poems of Sir Walter Ralegh: A Historical Edition." (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies/Renaissance English Text Society, 1999).</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Stebbing" title="William Stebbing">Stebbing, William</a>: <i>Sir Walter Ralegh</i> Oxford, 1899 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25029">Project Gutenberg eText</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007202012/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25029">Archived</a> 7 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTytler1848" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Fraser_Tytler" title="Patrick Fraser Tytler">Tytler, Patrick Fraser</a> (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifesirwalterra02tytlgoog"><i>Life of Sir Walter Raleigh, Founded on Authentic and Original Documents</i></a>. London: T. Nelson and Sons (published 1853)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Sir+Walter+Raleigh%2C+Founded+on+Authentic+and+Original+Documents&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Tytler&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifesirwalterra02tytlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Raleigh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Raleigh&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>The Sir Walter Raleigh Collection in Wilson Library at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/raleigh.htm">Sir Walter Raleigh's Grave</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannia.com/bios/raleigh/index.html">Biography of Sir Walter Raleigh at Britannia.com</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/fora/sirwalter.htm">Sir Walter Raleigh at the Fort Raleigh website</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giga-usa.com/gigaweb1/quotes2/quautraleigh1walterx001.htm">Quotes attributed to Sir Walter Raleigh</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awesomestories.com/flicks/elizabeth-I/the-death-of-raleigh">Story of Raleigh's last years and his beheading</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presscom.co.uk/leepriory/leeraleigh.html">Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh, plus commentary</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-lost-colony.blogspot.com">Searching for the Lost Colony Blog</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csuchico.edu/engl/texts/ralegh.pdf">Robert Viking O'Brien & Stephen Kent O'Brien, <i>Discovery of Guiana</i> essay, <i>Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527234339/http://www.csuchico.edu/engl/texts/ralegh.pdf">Archived</a> 27 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/ralegh.htm">Sir Walter Raleigh portal</a> at luminarium.org</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Raleigh,+Walter">Works by Walter Raleigh</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Raleigh%2C%20Walter%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Walter%20Raleigh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Raleigh%2C%20Walter%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Walter%20Raleigh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Raleigh%2C%20W%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Walter%20Raleigh%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Raleigh%2C%20Walter%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Walter%20Raleigh%22%29%20OR%20%28%221554-1618%22%20AND%20Raleigh%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Walter Raleigh</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1155">Works by Walter Raleigh</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012476035"><i>The History of the World</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Hathi_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathi Trust">Hathi Trust</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FF9966;">Court offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Russell,_2nd_Earl_of_Bedford" title="Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford">The Earl of Bedford</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Stannaries" title="Lord Warden of the Stannaries">Lord Warden of the Stannaries</a> </b><br />1584–1603
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke">The Earl of Pembroke</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Godolphin_(1540%E2%80%931608)" title="Francis Godolphin (1540–1608)">Sir Francis Godolphin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Mohun" title="William Mohun">Sir William Mohun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_Edgcumbe" title="Peter Edgcumbe">Peter Edgcumbe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_Carew_(antiquary)" title="Richard Carew (antiquary)">Richard Carew</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cornwall" title="Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall">Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall</a> </b><br />1587–1603
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke">The Earl of Pembroke</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Seymour,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Seymour, 1st Baronet">Edward Seymour</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice-Admiral_of_Devon" title="Vice-Admiral of Devon">Vice-Admiral of Devon</a> </b><br />1585–1603
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Bourchier,_3rd_Earl_of_Bath" title="William Bourchier, 3rd Earl of Bath">The Earl of Bath</a> (North Devon) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hawkins" title="Richard Hawkins">Sir Richard Hawkins</a> (South Devon)</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Best_(guard_captain)" title="John Best (guard captain)">John Best</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Captain_of_the_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard">Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard</a> </b><br />1597–1603
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Erskine,_1st_Earl_of_Kellie" title="Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie">Sir Thomas Erskine</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arundell" title="Matthew Arundell">Sir Matthew Arundell</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Custos_Rotulorum_of_Dorset" title="Custos Rotulorum of Dorset">Custos Rotulorum of Dorset</a> </b><br />1598–1603
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Viscount_Howard_of_Bindon" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Viscount Howard of Bindon">Viscount Howard of Bindon</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Paulet" title="Anthony Paulet">Sir Anthony Paulet</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Jersey">Governor of Jersey</a> </b><br />1600–1603
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Peyton_(soldier)" title="John Peyton (soldier)">Sir John Peyton</a></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:South America">South America</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130094686">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Walter Raleigh</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sir_Walter_Raleigh" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sir Walter Raleigh">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" class="extiw" title="q:Walter Raleigh">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Walter_Raleigh_(1554%E2%80%931618)" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Walter Raleigh (1554–1618)">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1220487116">html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1220487116"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sir_Walter_Raleigh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:red; color:#ffffff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sir_Walter_Raleigh" title="Template:Sir Walter Raleigh"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:red; color:#ffffff;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sir_Walter_Raleigh" title="Template talk:Sir Walter Raleigh"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:red; color:#ffffff;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sir_Walter_Raleigh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sir Walter Raleigh"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:red; color:#ffffff;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sir_Walter_Raleigh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Raleigh"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Sir Walter Raleigh</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red; color:#ffffff;;width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lie_(poem)" title="The Lie (poem)">The Lie</a>" (1592)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Guiana" title="The Discovery of Guiana">The Discovery of Guiana</a></i> (1596)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Nymph%27s_Reply_to_the_Shepherd" title="The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd">The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd</a>" (1600)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_World_(Raleigh)" title="The History of the World (Raleigh)">The History of the World</a></i> (1614)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png/76px-William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png/114px-William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png/152px-William_Segar_Sir_Walter_Raleigh.png 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red; color:#ffffff;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Raleigh" title="Elizabeth Raleigh">Elizabeth Raleigh</a> (1565–1647)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carew_Raleigh" title="Carew Raleigh">Carew Raleigh</a> (1550–1625)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carew_Raleigh_(1605%E2%80%931666)" title="Carew Raleigh (1605–1666)">Carew Raleigh</a> (1605–1666)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red; color:#ffffff;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fardel_Manor" title="Fardel Manor">Fardel Manor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Grove,_Youghal" title="Myrtle Grove, Youghal">Myrtle Grove, Youghal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red; color:#ffffff;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_expedition" title="Raleigh's El Dorado expedition">Raleigh's El Dorado expedition</a> (1595)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red; color:#ffffff;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh_in_popular_culture" title="Walter Raleigh in popular culture"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">In popular culture</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boyhood_of_Raleigh" title="The Boyhood of Raleigh">The Boyhood of Raleigh</a></i> (Millais, 1870)</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Raleigh_Was_Right" title="Raleigh Was Right">Raleigh Was Right</a>" (William Carlos Williams)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_Fox" title="Death of the Fox">Death of the Fox</a></i> (George Garrett, 1971)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189144#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189144#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189144#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1861330/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000113957336">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/107533796">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90543664">Norway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000293380">Chile</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1117797">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121749920">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121749920">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519555906706">Catalonia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118641859">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Raleigh, Walter <1552?-1618>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/VIAV090593">Italy</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266980005171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79060999">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cdsrh51p4fs7">Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000127821&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01065554">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000604562&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35440109">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record227700">Greece</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000236175&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068143303">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810685650805606">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1642871">Portugal</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/526855">2</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/36494">Vatican</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d22616fe-d070-459b-9df1-351f04bd8538">MusicBrainz</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/70355">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500259314">ULAN</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ralegh, Walter"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.007575.v1">Ireland</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118641859.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/953482">Trove</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30029096">RISM</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gf0t5t">SNAC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027558185">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
